Environmental Stimuli, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in the Alternative Golf Context–Model Questionnaire

Abstract

The Environmental Stimuli, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in the Alternative Golf Context Model was created for a study that put forth an extended version of the Mehrabian-Russell Model (M-R model). This research was situated within the alternative golf context. The model is structured around three primary attributes of alternative golf, which function as environmental stimuli: the physical environment, food and beverage offerings, and service quality. These stimuli are proposed to influence customer satisfaction, which subsequently shapes consumers’ behavioral responses, specifically their activity involvement and behavioral intentions. Furthermore, the research framework investigates the moderating roles of recreational motivation and the skill level of the golfer. The items proposed for the model were adapted from earlier research studies. To analyze the data gathered from visitors at alternative golf facilities, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were employed. The study reported findings related to the model’s factor structure, its reliability, and its validity.

Keywords

Activity Involvement; Alternative Golf; Behavioral Intentions; Consumer Measures; Consumer Satisfaction; Environmental Stimuli; Food and Beverage Quality; Mehrabian-Russell Model; Physical Environment Quality; Satisfaction; Service Quality

Authors

Hahm, Jeeyeon Jeannie; Kwun, David J.; Kang, Juhee

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Purpose

This measurement model is designed to evaluate environmental stimuli, consumer satisfaction, and subsequent behavioral intentions specifically within the context of alternative golf.

Construct

Behavioral Intentions; Consumer Satisfaction; Environmental Stimuli

Validity

The instrument’s validity was confirmed through assessments of both convergent and discriminant validity. Convergent validity was established by examining the standardized factor loadings and average variance extracted (AVE) values for each latent construct. All factor loadings for the latent constructs were found to be both significant and high, with values ranging from 0.655 to 0.896. Moreover, the AVE values for all constructs, which ranged from 0.615 to 0.691, surpassed the recommended threshold of 0.5. Discriminant validity was evaluated by comparing the AVE values against the squared correlations between the constructs. For every pair of constructs, all squared correlations were found to be lower than their respective AVE values, confirming discriminant validity.

Reliability

The reliability of the instrument was assessed for internal consistency and composite reliability. Internal consistency was demonstrated by Cronbach’s alpha values that ranged from 0.827 to 0.890, indicating strong consistency among the items. Furthermore, composite reliability (CR) values were calculated, ranging from 0.818 to 0.891. These values are greater than the suggested threshold of 0.70, signifying a high degree of reliability for each latent construct.

Factor Analysis

A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to estimate the measurement model, which included the alternative golf attributes of physical environment quality, food and beverage quality, service quality, satisfaction, activity involvement, and behavioral intentions. The analysis revealed that the overall model demonstrated a good fit with the data. The fit indices were as follows: χ2 = 362.366, df = 137, χ2/df = 2.645, p < 0.001, CFI = 0.964, TLI = 0.955, NFI = 0.944, and RMSEA = 0.058. These indices all met or exceeded the established threshold values, which include being above 0.90 for the CFI and NFI and below 0.08 for the RMSEA.

Instrument

Test Type: Original
Format: The instrument is an inventory/questionnaire. All 19 items are measured using a seven-point Likert scale and administered electronically.
Language Available: English
Population Group: Human; Male; Female
Age Group: Adulthood (18 years and older)
Population Details: The target population consists of visitors to alternative golf facilities located within the United States.
Test Methodology: The development and validation process involved assessing Test Validity, Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, Test Reliability, Internal Consistency, Factor Analysis, and Confirmatory Factor Analysis to establish a robust Measurement Model.

Keywords

Activity Involvement; Alternative Golf; Behavioral Intention; Behavioral Intentions; Consumer Attitudes; Consumer Behavior; Consumer Measures; Consumer Satisfaction; Environment; Environmental Stimuli; Food and Beverage Quality; Involvement; Mehrabian-Russell Model; Physical Environment Quality; Quality of Services; Satisfaction; Service Quality; Sports

Authors

Hahm, Jeeyeon Jeannie

• Author ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-5342

• Affiliation: University of Central Florida Rosen College of Hospitality Management, Department of Tourism, Events, and Attractions

• Email: [email protected]

• Correspondence Address: University of Central Florida, Rosen College of Hospitality Management, Department of Tourism, Events, and Attractions, 9907 Universal Blvd., Orlando, Florida, United States, 32819, [email protected]

Kwun, David J.

• Author ORCID Identifier: No data is Available

• Affiliation: University of Central Florida Rosen College of Hospitality Management, Department of Hospitality Services

• Email: [email protected]

Kang, Juhee

• Author ORCID Identifier: No data is Available

• Affiliation: University of Central Florida Rosen College of Hospitality Management, Department of Hospitality Services

• Email: [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

The instrument was developed in 2023. It is available for use in research and teaching settings. There is no fee associated with its use, and it is not a commercial product.

Reference’s

Hahm, J. J., Kwun, D. J., & Kang, J. (2023). Analysis of environmental stimuli, satisfaction, and behavioral responses: An extended Mehrabian-Russell model to alternative golf. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 109, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103407

Items of the Environmental Stimuli, Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions in the Alternative Golf Context Model

This is a 19-item measure. The complete list of items is available in the source publication referenced above (Hahm et al., 2023), specifically in Table 3 on page 6. The items are organized into the following factors and subscales:

• Physical environment quality

• Food and beverage quality

• Service quality

• Satisfaction

• Activity involvement

• Behavioral intentions

Note. All items are measured using a seven-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly disagree to 7 = Strongly agree).