COVID-19 Risk Perception Measure

Abstract

The COVID-19 Risk Perception Measure (Savadori et al., 2023) was developed to assess the role of risk perceptions related to COVID-19 and travel intentions. This instrument measures affective, analytical, and experiential risk perceptions related to travel intentions to a COVID-19-affected destination. Thirteen items were adapted from the medical literature. The questionnaire comprised four main sections (travel intentions, affective risk perception, analytical risk perception, and experiential risk perception) and a personal characteristics section. Data were collected over two studies with Italian residents. Results from a confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the measurement model fitted the data quite well. However, two fit indices were below the model fit standards suggested by Hair, Black, Black, Babin, and Anderson (2010). Following the modification indices, two items (Q2 and Q3) were deleted and the model re-specified. The new model fits the data better. Results concerning the internal consistency and composite reliability were reported.

Keywords

Affective Risk Perception; Analytical Risk Perception; COVID-19; Experiential Risk Perception; Pandemic; Tourism; Travel Intentions

Authors

• Savadori, Lucia

• Tokarchuk, Oksana

• Pizzato, Massimo

• Pighin, Stefania

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Purpose

This instrument measures affective, analytical, and experiential risk perceptions related to travel intentions to a COVID-19-affected destination.

Validity

No validity indicated.

Reliability

Internal Consistency: The Cronbach’s alpha for the factors were greater than >.70.

Factor Analysis

Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Results indicated that the measurement model fitted the data quite well (χ2 = 375, df = 62, χ2/df = 6.05, CFI = 0.951, TLI = 0.938, RMSEA = 0.090); however, two fit indices (χ2/df and RMSEA) were below the model fit standards suggested by Hair, Black, Black, Babin, and Anderson (2010) (χ2/df< 3, CFI >0.90, TLI >0.90, RMSEA <0.07). Following the modification indices, two items (Q2 and Q3) were deleted and the model re-specified. The new model fits the data better (χ2 = 126, df = 41, χ2/df = 3.07, CFI = 0.984, TLI = 0.978, RMSEA = 0.058) with only one of the values of the fit indices (χ2/df) just below the model adaptability standard (χ2/df < 3).

Instrument

Test Type: Original
Format: All participants were instructed as follows: “Imagine you have to choose your summer vacation destination, and you are evaluating a specific location based on its safety with regard to coronavirus.” Then, they received information on the rate of COVID-19 infection according to the experimental condition they were randomly assigned to. The official reported rate of COVID-19 infection for a region (Emilia Romagna, Italy) at the time of the study was used. Items were rated on 7-point scales. The words “summer vacations” were replaced with “next vacation” to adapt items to the time of data collection.
Language Available: English
Population Group: Human; Male; Female
Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Population Details: Location: Italy; Respondents: Italian Residents
Test Methodology: Test Reliability; Internal Consistency; Factor Analysis; Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Keywords

Pandemics; Risk Perception; Tourism; Traveling; Health Attitude Measures; COVID-19

Authors Including

Author ORCID Identifier:

• Savadori, Lucia: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3957-3132

• Pighin, Stefania: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9088-7201

Affiliation:

• Savadori, Lucia: Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento

• Tokarchuk, Oksana: Department of Economics and Management, University of Trento

• Pizzato, Massimo: Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento

• Pighin, Stefania: Center for Mind/Brain Sciences, University of Trento

Email Addresses:

• Savadori, Lucia: [email protected]

Correspondence Address:

• Savadori, Lucia: Dipartimento di Economia e Management, Via Inama 5, Trento, Italy, 38122, [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

Permissions: May use for Research/Teaching
Commercial: No
Fee: No
Test Year: 2023

References

Savadori, L., Tokarchuk, O., Pizzato, M., & Pighin, S. (2023). The impact of infection risk communication format on tourism travel intentions during COVID-19. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 54, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2022.12.004

Items of the COVID-19 Risk Perception Measure

Number of Items: This measure consists of 11 items.
Factors and Subscales:

• Factors: Affective risk perception; Analytical risk perception; Experiential risk perception.
  Test Items Available: Yes

Note. ^a Denote those items eliminated from the final variables after the CFA; [REV] indicates those items that were reverse coded for analysis.