Copenhagen Cross-Linguistic Naming Test (C-CLNT)

Abstract

The Copenhagen Cross-Linguistic Naming Test (C-CLNT; Nielsen et al., 2023) was developed to assess naming impairment in a culturally, linguistically, and educationally diverse memory clinic patient population in Denmark. The C-CLNT is based on MULTIMAP, an open-access database of 218 standardized color drawings of objects and actions (Gisbert-Muñoz et al., 2021). The items for the C-CLNT were chosen based on name agreement and frequency across five European and two non-European languages. Any ambiguities in the selected items and scoring criteria were resolved after pilot testing with 10 memory clinic patients. The final 30-item C-CLNT was evaluated among controls and diverse memory clinic patients diagnosed with affective disorder, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. An abbreviated version of the C-CLNT was also created by excluding the 10 action items, resulting in a 20-object item version. The reliability and validity of the C-CLNT have been reported.

Keywords

Naming Impairment; Cross-Linguistic Assessment; Cross-Linguistic Naming Test; Neuropsychological Tests; Diverse Older Adults; Cross-Cultural Comparison; Multicultural Memory; Affective Disorders; Cross Cultural Differences; Geriatric Assessment; Naming; Neuropsychological Assessment; Neurocognitive Disorders; Older Adulthood.

Authors

Nielsen, T. Rune; Grollenberg, Bernadette Unmack; Ringkøbing, Signe Pertou; Özden, Maria; Weekes, Brendan; Waldemar, Gunhild

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Purpose

The C-CLNT is a cross-linguistic assessment designed to evaluate naming impairment in culturally, linguistically, and educationally diverse older adults. It utilizes a set of standardized color drawings with available linguistic variable data across several languages, including Spanish, Basque, Catalan, Italian, French, English, German, Mandarin Chinese, and Arabic.

Validity

Construct Validity: The C-CLNT exhibited robust correlations with the full Boston Naming Test (BNT; Kaplan et al., 2001) (r = .55, p < .001) and the BNT-15 (Morris et al., 1988) (r = .54, p < .001). It also showed significant correlations with category fluency (r = .44, p < .001) and general cognitive function (r = .35, p < .001).

Discriminant Validity: The C-CLNT demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy for dementia, performing significantly better than the Boston Naming Test (areas under the curve of .80 vs .64, p < .001). However, its diagnostic accuracy for mild cognitive impairment was poor. The 20-item C-CLNT was highly correlated with the full C-CLNT (r = .87, p < .001). At a cutoff of ≤ 28, the 30-item C-CLNT had a sensitivity of .75 and a specificity of .79. The AUC of the 20-item C-CLNT for dementia was .78, 95% CI [.70– .86], which did not significantly differ from the AUC of the full C-CLNT (z = 1.21, p = .23). At a cutoff of ≤ 18, the 20-item C-CLNT had a sensitivity of .83 and a specificity of .70.

Reliability

Scale Reliability: The coefficient alpha for the C-CLNT was .67.

Factor Analysis

No factor analysis indicated.

Instrument

Test Type: Original

Format: Participants are given 5 seconds to respond following a semantic cue or phonetic cue. There is no discontinuation rule. The administration time is generally less than 5 minutes. The C-CLNT total score is the number of correct responses, including responses provided after semantic cues. Responses after phonemic cues are not included in the total correct score but can be noted to provide qualitative information about naming performance.

Language Available: Spanish, Basque, Catalan, Italian, French, English, German, Mandarin Chinese, and Arabic.

Population Group: Human; Male; Female

Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older); Middle Age (40-64 yrs); Aged (65 yrs & older); Very Old (85 yrs & older).

Population Details:

• Location: Denmark

• Respondents: Healthy Controls; Diverse Memory Clinic Patients with Affective Disorder, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and with Dementia.

Test Methodology: Test Validity; Construct Validity; Discriminant Validity; Test Reliability; Test Sensitivity; Test Specificity.

Authors

Author ORCID Identifier: No data is Available

Affiliation:

• Nielsen, T. Rune: Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre

• Grollenberg, Bernadette Unmack: Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre

• Ringkøbing, Signe Pertou: Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre

• Özden, Maria: Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet Department of Neurorehabilitation and Spinal Cord Injuries, The Neuroscience Centre

• Weekes, Brendan: University of Hong Kong Faculty of Education

• Waldemar, Gunhild: Copenhagen University Hospital–Rigshospitalet Department of Neurology, Danish Dementia Research Centre

Email addresses:

• Nielsen, T. Rune: [email protected]

Correspondence Address:

• Nielsen, T. Rune: [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

Test Year: 2023

Permissions: Contact Corresponding Author

Fee: No

References

Nielsen, T. R., Grollenberg, B. U., Ringkøbing, S. P., Özden, M., Weekes, B., & Waldemar, G. (2023). The copenhagen cross-linguistic naming test (C-CLNT): Development and validation in a multicultural memory clinic population. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 29(10), 911–921. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617723000437

Items of the Copenhagen Cross-Linguistic Naming Test (C-CLNT)

This measure includes 30-item and 20-item versions. No data is Available regarding the specific items of the C-CLNT.