Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire – Chinese Version

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Description

The concept of mental toughness (心理坚韧性) is introduced by sports psychologists to address the unique characteristics of athletes. It refers to an innate or developed psychological advantage that enables athletes to better cope with pressure during competitions, training, and life. This psychological advantage allows them to remain determined, focused, confident, and maintain self-control under pressure, leading to superior performance compared to their competitors (Jones, Hanton, & Connaughton, 2007).

Authors and Contact Email

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Purpose

The purpose of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire (SMTQ) is to measure the mental toughness of athletes, evaluating their ability to manage pressure effectively.

Test Year

Information not available.

Administration Method and Scoring

The SMTQ consists of 14 items, assessed using a 5-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (“完全不符合” – totally disagree) to 5 (“完全符合” – totally agree). Items 2, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 are reverse-scored. The total mental toughness score is derived from the sum of scores from 12 items, with a higher score indicating stronger mental toughness.

Reliability and Validity

In the reliability and validity testing of the questionnaire, the α coefficient was found to be 0.78, while the α coefficients for the subdimensions were 0.71 (自信 – Confidence), 0.74 (坚定 – Determination), and 0.62 (控制 – Control). During the factor analysis, item 8 “在困难情形中，我会选择放弃” (In difficult situations, I choose to give up) and item 11 “我具备一定特质，让自己有别于其他竞争对手” (I possess certain traits that set me apart from other competitors) were removed due to factor loadings below 0.4.

Factors and Subscales

– 自信 (Confidence)
– 坚定 (Determination)
– 控制 (Control)

Keywords

Mental toughness, coping effectiveness, athletes, pressure management.

Items in Chinese

1. 一旦变得不镇定，我能立刻恢复过来。
2. 我担心自己会表现不佳。
3. 我致力于完成个人所承担的任务。
4. 我被自我怀疑困扰着。
5. 我对自己的能力坚信不疑。
6. 我面临压力时也能有出色表现。
7. 当事情未能如我所料时，我会变得生气和沮丧。
8. 我在困境中会选择放弃。
9. 我会因为事情无法预期或控制而变得焦虑不安。
10. 我容易分心而无法集中精力。
11. 我具备一定特质，让自己有别于其他竞争对手。
12. 我会给自己设置具有挑战性的目标。
13. 我将潜在的威胁看作有利的机会。
14. 在压力下，我能满怀信心和承诺地做出决策。

Items in English

1. Once I become unsettled, I can recover immediately.
2. I worry that I will perform poorly.
3. I am committed to completing the personal tasks I undertake.
4. I am plagued by self-doubt.
5. I have unwavering confidence in my abilities.
6. I can perform excellently even under pressure.
7. When things do not go as I expect, I become angry and frustrated.
8. I choose to give up in difficult situations.
9. I become anxious when things are unpredictable or out of control.
10. I easily get distracted and cannot concentrate.
11. I possess certain traits that set me apart from other competitors.
12. I set challenging goals for myself.
13. I view potential threats as favorable opportunities.
14. Under pressure, I can make decisions with confidence and commitment.

References

Jones, Hanton, & Connaughton, 2007; Kaiseler, Polman, & Nicholls, 2009; Gucciardi et al., 2008; 祝大鹏，胡亦海，余银，王梅，高平，2013; Crust & Swann, 2013; Nicholls, Polman, Levy, & Backhouse, 2008; Sheard, Golby, & Wersch, 2009.
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