Dysfunctional Attitude Scale – Chinese Version

Description

Dysfunctional attitudes are characterized as extreme, absolutist thinking, manifesting as distorted, irrational cognition about oneself, the surrounding world, and the future. While common in clinical populations, research has shown that non-clinical groups also exhibit varying degrees of dysfunctional attitudes, which can effectively predict the development of anxiety. In college students, dysfunctional attitudes serve as a partial mediator between psychological stress and anxiety. The greater the degree of dysfunctional attitudes, the poorer the individual’s attentional control, and the more rigid and negative their thoughts become.

Authors and Contact Email

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Purpose

The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) aims to measure an individual’s hidden, deeper cognitive disorders related to dysfunctional attitudes.

Test Year

The scale was developed in 1978.

Administration Method and Scoring

The scale consists of 40 items that participants evaluate by indicating their attitudes. Responses are scored using a Likert scale:
功能失调性态度量表(Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, DAS)
1.完全不同意 (1. Completely disagree)
2.不同意 (2. Disagree)
3.稍许不同意 (3. Slightly disagree)
4.中立 (4. Neutral)
5.稍许同意 (5. Slightly agree)
6.同意 (6. Agree)
7.完全同意 (7. Completely agree)

Reliability and Validity

Information not available

Factors and Subscales

Information not available

Keywords

Dysfunctional Attitude, Anxiety, Cognitive Processing, Automatic Negative Thoughts, Depression

Items in Chinese

1.人一定要相貌好看，聪明富有，有创造性，否则很难感到快乐。
2.快乐更多的是我对自己的态度，而不是他人对我的感觉。
3.如果我做了错事，人们就可能对我有不好的评价。
4.如果我不能总是把事情做得很好，人们将不尊重我。
5.即使冒小的风险也是很愚蠢的，因为不成功就是一场灾难。
6.一个人即使没有在任何方面具备特别的天赋，也可能获得他人的尊重。
7.除非我所认识的人大部分都羡慕欣赏我，否则我无法感到快乐。
8.一个人求助是软弱的表现。
9.如果我不能做得与别人一样出色，那就意味着我的能力比别人差。
10.如果我在工作中失败了，那我就是一个失败者。
11.如果你不能把某件事情做好，那么做这件事也就没有必要了。
12.犯错误也是一件好事，因为我能从中学到东西。
13.假如有人不赞同我的意见，那可能表明他/她不喜欢我。
14.假如我在某方面失败了，那与彻底失败一样的糟糕。
15.如果别人了解了真正的你，他们对你的评价就会变差。
16.如果我爱的人不喜欢我，那我是没价值的。
17.无论结果如何，我们都可以从一项活动中获得快乐。
18.人们应该对事情成功的可能性有一个合理的把握，才能着手办某件事。
19.我的人生价值观在很大程度上取决于其他人是如何看待我的。
20.如果我不为自己设定一个最高标准，那么我可能最终沦落为二流的人。
21.如果我要成为一个有价值的人，那我就必须至少在某一重要领域上有真正出色的表现。
22.有好主意的人比那些毫无建议的人要更有价值。
23.如果我犯错了，我一定会感到心烦意乱。
24.我觉得我对我自己的看法比别人对我的看法更重要。
25.要成为一个优秀，有道德的有价值的人，我必须帮助那些需要帮助的人。
26.如果我向人请教问题，就那会显得我不如别人。
27.如果你所重视的人不赞同你的意见，那是非常糟糕的。
28.如果除了你自己，没有人可以给你依靠，那你一定会悲伤难过的。
29.我不用苛刻地鞭策自己，也可以实现我人生的重要目标。
30.一个人受到谴责却不感到苦恼不安，这是可能的。
31.我无法相信别人，因为他们可能会冷酷地对待我。
32.如果别人不喜欢你，你是不会快乐的。
33.为了取悦别人，你最好放弃自己的利益。
34.我的快乐更多的取决于别人，而不是自己。
35.我不一定要获得别人的认同才能感到快乐。
36.人如果回避困难，那困难就可能会逐渐消失。
37.即使错过了生命中很多美好的事物，我仍然可以感到快乐。
38.别人是如何看待我的，这于我来讲是非常重要的。
39.被别人孤立，这一定会导致出现不愉快的情绪。
40.即使其他人不爱我，我也能找到快乐。

Items in English

1. One must be good-looking, smart, wealthy, and creative to feel happiness; otherwise, it is difficult to feel joy.
2. Happiness is more about my attitude towards myself than others’ feelings towards me.
3. If I make a mistake, people may think poorly of me.
4. If I cannot always do things well, people will not respect me.
5. Taking even small risks is foolish because failure is a disaster.
6. A person can still gain others’ respect even without any special talents.
7. Unless most of the people I know admire and appreciate me, I cannot feel happy.
8. Asking for help is a sign of weakness.
9. If I cannot perform as well as others, it means my abilities are inferior.
10. If I fail at my job, I am a failure.
11. If you cannot do something well, then it is not necessary to do it.
12. Making mistakes is a good thing because I can learn from them.
13. If someone disagrees with me, it may indicate they do not like me.
14. If I fail in some aspect, it is as bad as a complete failure.
15. If others know the real you, their evaluation of you will deteriorate.
16. If the person I love does not like me, I have no value.
17. Regardless of the result, we can derive joy from an activity.
18. People should have a reasonable grasp of the likelihood of success before undertaking any task.
19. My values in life largely depend on how others view me.
20. If I do not set the highest standards for myself, I may ultimately end up as a second-rate person.
21. To become a valuable person, I must excel in at least one important area.
22. People with good ideas are more valuable than those who have no suggestions.
23. If I make a mistake, I will surely feel upset.
24. I believe my view of myself is more important than others’ views of me.
25. To be an excellent, moral, and valuable person, I must help those in need.
26. If I ask someone for help, it will seem that I am inferior to them.
27. It is very bad if the people you value do not agree with your opinion.
28. If there is no one to rely on other than yourself, you will definitely be sad.
29. I can achieve important life goals without being harsh on myself.
30. It is possible for a person to be criticized without feeling distressed.
31. I cannot trust others because they might treat me coldly.
32. If others do not like you, you will not be happy.
33. To please others, you should preferably give up your own interests.
34. My happiness is more dependent on others than on myself.
35. I do not necessarily need the approval of others to feel happy.
36. If a person avoids difficulties, those difficulties may gradually disappear.
37. I can still feel happy even if I miss many beautiful things in life.
38. How others view me is very important to me.
39. Being isolated by others will definitely lead to unpleasant emotions.
40. Even if others do not love me, I can find happiness.

References

Weissman, A. & Beck, A. T. (1978).