Active Procrastination Scale – Chinese Version

Description

Procrastination has traditionally been defined as a failure in self-regulation behaviors by individuals, often leading to a series of negative consequences, which prevents timely task completion and adversely affects physical and mental health. According to Steel’s meta-analysis, procrastination, as an irrational delay behavior, is prevalent across various populations, with 80%-95% of people exhibiting procrastination tendencies. Other studies suggest that approximately 15-20% of adults and 50% of university students are chronic procrastinators. Procrastinators are often viewed as incapable of self-management, lazy, or indulging in self-pleasure. However, with the deepening of empirical research, it has gradually been recognized that procrastination does not always lead to negative outcomes; it can also bring short-term benefits, such as serving as an effective strategy for managing negative emotions.

Authors and Contact Email

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Purpose

This research investigates the relationship between active procrastination and passive (traditional) procrastination from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral perspectives, suggesting a four-dimensional theoretical framework for active procrastination.

Test Year

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Administration Method and Scoring

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Reliability and Validity

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Factors and Subscales

Procrastination can be categorized into two types: 主动拖延 (active procrastination) and 被动拖延 (passive procrastination). Active procrastinators intentionally decide to delay tasks, leveraging motivation under time pressure to complete tasks satisfactorily before deadlines. Passive procrastinators, on the other hand, tend to lack the ability to make timely decisions and actions, postponing tasks until they’re unable to finish them on time.

Some scholars have explored the differences between the two in several aspects:

1. **Self-Regulation Strategies** (自我调节策略):
Active procrastinators are task efficiency-oriented, using delay as a strategy to make better decisions and continuously adjusting their self-regulation throughout the task.

2. **Self-Efficacy** (自我效能感):
Klassen and Krawchuk (2008) found that active procrastinators have significantly higher self-efficacy than passive procrastinators. Research also showed that lower self-efficacy correlates significantly with increased study procrastination.

3. **Motivation** (动机):
Steel (2009) identified that passive procrastinators habitually postpone tasks, showing lower achievement motivation compared to active procrastinators, whose motivation levels focus on achieving goals.

Keywords

拖延 (Procrastination), 自我调节 (Self-regulation), 自我效能感 (Self-efficacy), 动机 (Motivation), 主动拖延 (Active Procrastination), 被动拖延 (Passive Procrastination)

Items in Chinese

1. 当任务接近最后期限时，我的表现也不会糟糕
2. 如果赶着完成一件事时，我也能做好。
3. 即使任务拖到最后一刻才完成，我也会对满意结果。
4. 在任务截止日期逼近的情况下工作，对我而言是件痛苦的事。
5. 当被迫在压力下工作时，我感到心烦意乱又极不情愿。
6. 当时间压力特别大时，我感觉紧张，很难集中精力工作。
7. 当必须赶在最后期限前完成任务，我感觉很沮丧。
8. 为了更高效地利用时间，我故意拖延一些任务。
9. 为使我的动机最大化，我有意地推迟一些工作。
10. 为了更好的利用时间，我有意拖延一些任务。
11. 对我而言某些考试（工作）没有太大价值，我总是将这些考试（工作）的任务延迟到最后才做。
12. 我经常在最后一刻才开始工作，发现很难准时完成。
13. 我经常无法完成自己设定的目标。
14. 当任务完成时，我经常落在同事(同学)的后面。
15. 一旦开始做某项任务，我总感到很难完成。

Items in English

1. My performance will not be poor when the task approaches the deadline.
2. I can still do well if I rush to complete something.
3. Even if a task is completed at the last minute, I am satisfied with the results.
4. Working when the deadline is approaching is painful for me.
5. I feel annoyed and unwilling when forced to work under pressure.
6. When there is particularly high time pressure, I feel tense and find it difficult to concentrate on my work.
7. I feel frustrated when I have to complete a task before the deadline.
8. I intentionally procrastinate some tasks to utilize my time more efficiently.
9. To maximize my motivation, I intentionally delay some work.
10. I intentionally postpone some tasks to better utilize my time.
11. Certain exams (work) have little value for me, and I always delay these tasks until the last moment.
12. I often start working at the last minute and find it difficult to finish on time.
13. I often cannot complete the goals I set for myself.
14. When tasks are completed, I often fall behind my colleagues (classmates).
15. Once I start a task, I often find it difficult to finish.

References

丁婷婷. 大学生学业拖延类型比较研究[D]. 2015.
董杰. 时间压力和反馈方式对拖延行为影响的实证研究[D].2016
王晶. 学业拖延类型与时间管理倾向、压力应对策略的关系—控制源的中介效应分析[D].陕西师范大学,2014.
倪士光,李虹,徐继红,JINNAM CHOI.主动拖延量表在中国大学生群体中的修订及信效度检验[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2011,19(04):462-465.
Moran J N C S V. Why not procrastinate? Development and validation of a new active procrastination scale.[J]. Journal of Social Psychology, 2009, 149(2):195-212.