Prosocial Tendencies Measure – Chinese Version

Description

The concept of prosocial behavior was first proposed by American scholar Wispe in 1972. It refers to behaviors that are contrary to negative actions such as aggression, including compassion, charity, self-sacrifice, sharing, assistance, and donation. Although these behaviors vary in expression and context, their fundamental purpose is to benefit others or the social environment. This has led various scholars to conduct research on prosocial behavior. The “Encyclopedia of Psychology” defines prosocial behavior as actions that do not provide clear benefit to the actor but are beneficial to the recipient. According to Carlo (2006), prosocial behavior is a conscious and proactive action by individuals, beneficial to others within the context of social interactions. Caprara et al. (2005) define it as a range of actions that involve a willingness to invest in actions that benefit oneself, others, or society, and include four components: helping, sharing, attending to others’ needs, and empathy. Kou Yu (2003) indicates that prosocial behavior is when individuals sacrifice their self-interest to achieve social welfare and are willing to engage in actions that contribute to social harmony, often manifesting as yielding, helping, cooperating, and sharing. This behavior has the characteristic of benefiting others, groups, or society, while promoting harmonious relationships. Kou Yu emphasizes the social nature of prosocial behavior, asserting that it is an interpersonal social interaction aimed at establishing and maintaining good interpersonal connections. By assisting those in need, it also provides helpers with a sense of spiritual fulfillment and social honor, achieving a win-win effect—this view is recognized by domestic scholars.

Authors and Contact Email

Kou Yu, Hong Huifang, Tan Chen, Li Lei

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the prosocial tendencies among adolescents using the Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM).

Test Year

Information not available

Administration Method and Scoring

The Prosocial Tendencies Measure (PTM) was initially developed by Gustavo Carlo and later revised by Kou Yu et al. (2007). In a study conducted in Harbin and the Wudalianchi Scenic Area, questionnaires were distributed to high school students, with 750 issued, resulting in 659 returned (87.8% response rate), of which 602 were valid (91.3% validity). A separate survey involved 270 middle school students from two schools in Taiyuan, with an effective rate of 90%. Additionally, data was collected from 316 college students aged 17 to 25, with 14 invalid questionnaires removed.

Reliability and Validity

Information not available

Factors and Subscales

– 利他主义的亲社会倾向 (Altruistic Prosocial Tendencies)
– 依从的亲社会倾向 (Compliant Prosocial Tendencies)
– 情绪性的亲社会倾向 (Emotional Prosocial Tendencies)
– 公开的亲社会倾向 (Public Prosocial Tendencies)
– 匿名的亲社会倾向 (Anonymous Prosocial Tendencies)
– 紧急的亲社会倾向 (Urgent Prosocial Tendencies)

Keywords

Prosocial behavior, adolescents, altruism, helping behavior, social interaction

Items in Chinese

1. 有人在场时，我会竭尽全力帮助别人。
2. 当我能安慰一个情绪不好的人时，我感觉非常好。
3. 当别人请我帮忙时，我很少拒绝。
4. 有入围观的情况下，我更愿意帮助别人。
5. 我倾向下帮助那些真正遇到麻烦急需帮助的人。
6. 在很多公众场合中我更愿意帮助别人。
7. 当别人请我帮忙时，我会毫不犹豫的帮助他们。
8. 我更愿意住匿名的情况下捐款。
9. 我倾向于帮助那些严重受伤或患病的人。
10. 我捐钱捐物不是为了能从中有所获益。
11. 别人求我帮助时，我会很快放下手头的事去帮助他。
12. 我倾向于帮助那些需要帮助的人而不留名。
13. 我倾向于帮助别人，尤其是当对方情绪波动的时候。
14. 在有人看着的情况下，我会竭尽所能帮助他人。
15. 当别人处于饥寒交迫时，我会很白然为他们提供帮助。
16. 大多数情况下，我帮助别人不留名。
17. 我投身志愿服务付出时间精力，不是为了获得更多同报。
18. 我在他人情绪激动的情境中更有可能去尽力帮助他们。
19. 当别人要求我帮助他们时，我从不拖延。
20. 我认为在当事人不知道的情况下给予帮助是最好的。
21. 在让人情绪激动的情境下，我更想去帮助那些需要帮助的人。
22. 我常在别人不知道的情况下做些捐助，因为这样让我感觉很好。
23. 我帮助别人不是为了将来他们相应的同报我。
24. 当别人提出要我帮忙时，我会尽我所能的帮助他们。
25. 我经常帮助别人，即使从中得不到任何好处。
26. 当别人心情很不好的时候，我常常帮助他们。

Items in English

1. When others are present, I will do my best to help others.
2. I feel great when I can comfort someone who is feeling down.
3. I rarely refuse when someone asks for my help.
4. I am more willing to help others when there are witnesses.
5. I tend to help those who are genuinely in trouble and need assistance.
6. I am more willing to help others in many public settings.
7. I will help others without hesitation when they ask for my help.
8. I prefer to donate anonymously.
9. I tend to help those who are seriously injured or ill.
10. I donate money and goods not to gain any benefits.
11. When others ask for my help, I quickly put aside what I’m doing to help them.
12. I tend to help those in need without leaving my name.
13. I am inclined to help others, especially when they are emotionally unstable.
14. When someone is watching, I will do my best to help others.
15. When others are in dire need, I willingly offer help to them.
16. Most of the time, I help others anonymously.
17. I engage in volunteer work and dedicate time and energy not to receive greater rewards.
18. I am more likely to help in situations where others are emotionally stirred.
19. I never procrastinate when someone asks me for help.
20. I believe that giving help without the recipient knowing is best.
21. In emotionally charged situations, I am eager to help those who need it.
22. I often do donations without others knowing because it makes me feel good.
23. I help others not to receive any future reciprocation.
24. When someone asks for my help, I do my utmost to assist them.
25. I often help others even when I do not gain anything from it.
26. I often help others when they are feeling very upset.

References

寇彧,洪慧芳,谭晨,李磊.青少年亲社会倾向量表的修订[J].心理发展与教育,2007(01):112-117.
杨迎. 高中生父母教养方式、感恩与亲社会行为的关系研究[D].哈尔滨师范大学,2021.
吴雅男. 初中学校环境与学生亲社会行为倾向间的关系：共情的中介作用[D].天津师范大学,2021.
洪慧芳,寇彧.用典型相关进一步研究大学生亲社会倾向和亲社会推理的关系[J].心理发展与教育,2008(02):113-118.