Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors–Model Inventory

Abstract

The Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors—Model (Wei et al., 2023) is an inventory/questionnaire developed to assess the influences of creative atmosphere on tourists’ post-experience behaviors, specifically experience intensification and experience extension. The model also considers the mediating roles of tourist inspiration (inspired-by and inspired-to states) and place attachment. This 27-item measure was developed within the context of a study conducted in China with Chinese domestic tourists. The development process involved adapting items from previous research (Cheng & Chen, 2021; Khoi et al., 2019; Dong & Siu, 2013; El-Said et al., 2021), adopting a back-translation procedure (Brislin, 1980) to ensure translation equivalence, and having three academics review the translated items for content validity. The measure was evaluated using structural equation modeling with a sample of tourists from three representative creative tourism destinations in Xiamen. Results regarding reliability and validity were reported.

Keywords

Creative Tourism; Consumer Attitudes and Behaviors; Because of the Visit to Shapowei Art Zone/Reddot Design Museum (Xiamen)/Huamei Park; Creative Atmosphere; Inspired By; Inspired To; Place Attachment; Experience Intensification; Experience Extension

Authors

Wei, Min; Liu, Min; Peng, Yan; Zhou, Xing; Li, Shuhao

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Purpose

The primary purpose of this measurement model is to assess the influences of creative atmosphere on tourists’ post-experience behaviors, specifically focusing on experience intensification and experience extension. Additionally, the model examines the mediating roles of tourist inspiration (comprising “inspired-by” and “inspired-to” states) and place attachment within these relationships. The study further aimed to investigate the influence of creative atmosphere on tourist inspiration, explore the relationship between tourist inspiration and place attachment, and test the mediating roles of tourist inspiration and place attachment in both creative atmosphere–experience intensification and creative atmosphere–experience extension relationships.

Validity

Test Validity: The validity of the Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors–Model was evaluated through various methods, including content validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity.

Content Validity: To ensure good content validity, three academics were invited to review the translated items. Their role was to judge whether the items accurately reflected the meanings of each construct and whether they were easily understood by respondents.

Convergent Validity: Convergent validity was established by demonstrating that the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for all constructs was greater than 0.50 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981). This result indicates that the constructs effectively converge on what they are intended to measure.

Discriminant Validity: Following the criteria by Fornell and Larcker (1981), discriminant validity was confirmed by showing that the square roots of the AVE for each construct were greater than its correlation coefficient with other constructs. This implies that each construct is distinct from the others.

Reliability

Internal Consistency: The internal consistency of the Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors–Model was assessed through Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values. The results indicated good reliability, as all Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values were greater than 0.70 (Fornell & Larcker, 1981; Nunnally, 1978).

Factor Analysis

Common Method Variance (CMV): Common method variance was tested using Harman’s single-factor method and the common method factor approach. The results of the main component factor analysis showed the emergence of four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1. Critically, the first factor explained 46.8% of the total variance, which is below the recommended threshold of 50% (Podsakoff et al., 2003), suggesting that common method variance is not a significant concern.

Instrument: Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors–Model

Test Type: Original
Format: Items are rated using a seven-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (extremely disagree) to 7 (extremely agree).
Language Available: Chinese
Population Group: Human; Male; Female
Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older), including Young Adulthood (18-29 yrs), Thirties (30-39 yrs), and Middle Age (40-64 yrs).
Population Details: The study was conducted in China, and all respondents were Chinese domestic tourists. Data was collected from tourists at three representative creative tourism destinations in Xiamen.
Test Methodology: The methodology involved Test Validity, Content Validity, Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, Test Reliability, Internal Consistency, Factor Analysis, and Measurement Model.

Keywords

Consumer Attitudes; Consumer Behavior; Creativity; Tourism; Consumer Measures

Authors

Wei, Min

• Affiliation: Xiamen University School of Management, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management

• Email Address: No data is Available

Liu, Min

• ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5696-5405

• Affiliation: Xiamen University School of Management, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management

• Email Address: No data is Available

Peng, Yan

• ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3670-7916

• Affiliation: Xiamen University School of Management

• Email Address: [email protected]

• Correspondence Address: Xiamen University, School of Management, No. 422 Siming South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China, 361,005

Zhou, Xing

• Affiliation: Xiamen University School of Management

• Email Address: No data is Available

Li, Shuhao

• ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9794-8655

• Affiliation: Qingdao University School of Tourism and Geography Science

• Email Address: [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

Permissions: Contact Corresponding Author (Peng, Yan).
Fee: No
Test Year: 2023
Commercial: No

References

Wei, M., Liu, M., Peng, Y., Zhou, X., & Li, S. (2023). Effects of creative atmosphere on tourists’ post‐experience behaviors in creative tourism: The mediation roles of tourist inspiration and place attachment. International Journal of Tourism Research, 25(1), 79–96. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2553

Items of the Creative Atmosphere and Tourists’ Post-Experience Behaviors–Model

Number of Items: This is a 27-item measure.
Factors and Subscales:

• Creative Atmosphere

• Inspired by (Because of the visit to Shapowei Art Zone/Reddot Design Museum (Xiamen)/Huamei Park)

• Inspired to (Because of the visit to Shapowei Art Zone/Reddot Design Museum (Xiamen)/Huamei Park)

• Place attachment

• Experience intensification

• Experience extension

Test Items Availability: No data is Available.