Ward and Kennedy's (1994 )‚ Ward & Rana-Deuba‚ (1999)
Not at all similar 1----------2----------3----------4----------5----------6----------7 very similar
1. Clothing
2. Pace of life
4. Food
5. Religious beliefs
6. Material comfort (standard of living)
7. Recreational activities
9. Family life
10. Accommodation/residence
11. Values
12. Friendships
13. Communication styles
14. Cultural activities
16. Perceptions of co-nationals
17. Perceptions of host nationals
19. World view
20. Social customs
21. Employment activities
1. Dressing style
• I maintain a dressing style of my own culture. • My dressing style is somewhat Americanized.
2. Food
• I maintain an eating style of my own culture. • My eating style is somewhat Americanized.
3. Living community (e.g.‚ Apartment complex)
• I live in a community where there are a lot of people of my own cultural background. . • I live in a community where residents are mainly Americans.
4. Roommate choice (If you have/had a roommate)
• I choose to live with someone from my own culture. • I choose to live with someone who is an English speaker or someone I can practice English.
5. Recreational activities
• I maintain recreational activities of my own culture. • My recreational activities are somewhat Americanized.
• I maintain a good friendship network with people from my own culture. • I have many American friends or friends from different cultural background. 7. Pace of life
• I maintain a pace of life which is similar to peers in my home country.
• My pace of life is similar to my American peers.
8. Reading
• I spend a lot of time reading in my own language (e.g.‚ online readings‚ emails‚ novels). • I spend a lot of time reading in English (e.g.‚ academic papers‚ textbooks). 9. Writing
I spend a lot of time writing in my own language (e.g.‚ emails‚ journaling). I spend a lot of time writing in English. .
10. Speaking
• I spend a lot of time speaking in my own language. • I spend a lot of time speaking in English.
11. Listening
• I spend a lot of time listening to my own language. • I spend a lot of time listening to English.
• I spend a lot of time using my own language. • I make efforts to increase my opportunities to use English.
13. Communication style
• My communication style is similar to people from my own culture. • My communication style is similar to American style (e.g.‚ more direct)
14. Religious beliefs (if you have any)
• My religious belief is similar to that of people from my own culture. • My religious belief is similar to that of most Americans. • I choose to attend a church of my own culture (e.g.‚ Chinese church/Korean church). • I choose to attend an American church.
16. Values
• I maintain values of my own culture. • My values are somewhat Americanized.
17. Social activities
• I like to attend social activities held by my cultural group. • I like to attend social activities held by American or international groups.
1 = strongly disagree; 2 = disagree; 3 = Neutral; 4 = agree; 5 = strongly agree
Ward‚ C.‚ & Kennedy‚ A. (1994). Acculturation strategies‚ psychological adjustment‚ and sociocultural competence during cross-cultural transitions. International Journal of Intercultural Relations‚ 18(3)‚ 329-343.
Ward‚ C. (1999). Models and measurement of acculturation. In W. I. Lonner‚ D.L. Dinner‚ D.K. Forgays‚ and H. A. Hayes (Eds.)‚ Merging past‚ present‚ and future in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 221-230). Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger Publishers.