Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory – Chinese Version

Description

The text discusses the concept of Time Perspective (TP), which refers to individuals’ subjective perception of time and its impact on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. It mentions the various definitions by researchers, the dimensional aspects of TP, and introduces the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) as a tool for measuring TP.

Authors and Contact Email

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Purpose

The purpose of the text is to provide an overview of Time Perspective (TP) as a psychological construct, including its implications and measurement through the ZTPI.

Test Year

Information not available.

Administration Method and Scoring

The ZTPI consists of 56 items, including reverse-scored items to reduce psychological biases. The reliability index of the questionnaire ranges from .70 to .80.

Reliability and Validity

The ZTPI demonstrates good reliability and validity, as indicated by results ranging from .70 to .80.

Factors and Subscales

The ZTPI outlines five dimensions:
1) 过去消极 (Past Negative, PN): Reflects negative attitudes toward the past.
2) 过去积极 (Past Positive, PP): Reflects nostalgic and positive attitudes toward the past.
3) 现在享乐 (Present Hedonistic, PH): Reflects a hedonistic, pleasure-seeking attitude in the present.
4) 现在宿命 (Present Fatalistic, PF): Reflects a belief that future events are determined by fate.
5) 未来 (Future, F): Reflects a focus on future-oriented time perspective.

Keywords

Time Perspective, Time Insight, Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, Reliability, Validity

Items in Chinese

1. 我认为与朋友聚会是人生的一大乐事。
2. 熟悉的童年画面、声音和气味常常能勾起我美好的回忆。
3. 命运主宰着我的生活。
4. 我常常想过去我本应该过得有所不同。
5. 我做决定时会受到周围的人和事物的很大影响。
6. 我认为每天早上都要事先计划好一天中所做的事情。
7. 回忆过去让我感到快乐。
8. 我做事冲动。
9. 就算事情不能按时完成，我也不会为此担心。
10. 我想完成某件事时，会设立目标并考虑达到目标的具体途径。
11. 总的来说，我过去的生活中美好的事要比糟糕的事多。
12. 当欣赏自己喜欢的音乐时，我常常会忘记时间。
13. 在晚上玩耍之前，我会做完明天要截止的事情以及其他必要的工作。
14. 既然一切都是注定，我做了什么其实并不重要。
15. 我喜欢那些发生在过去的美好往事。
16. 过去的痛苦经历在我的脑海中反复出现。
17. 每时每刻，我都尽情地享受我的生活。
18. 约会迟到使我感到心烦。
19. 最理想的是，我把每天都当作我的最后一天来过。
20. 有关美好时光的记忆常常浮现在我的脑海里。
21. 我总能按时兑现对朋友和上级的承诺。
22. 过去我曾遭到过虐待和拒绝。
23. 我凭一时冲动做决定。
24. 我每天随遇而安地过日子，不做计划。
25. 过去有太多不愉快的记忆，我不愿去想。
26. 我的生活需要充满刺激。
27. 我真希望过去的那些错误没有犯过。
28. 我觉得享受正在做的事情比按时完成任务更重要。
29. 我怀念童年的时光。
30. 做决定之前，我会权衡利弊。
31. 冒险使我的生活不会显得乏味。
32. 对我来说，享受生命过程比只关注一生的最终结局更重要。
33. 大多数事情都不能如我所愿。
34. 我很难忘记年少时那些令人不快的景象。
35. 如果必须考虑目标和结果的话，我的活动过程就会失去快乐。
36. 即使在享受现在，我也会无意中与过去类似的经历做比较。
37. 由于时事变化无常，因此无法规划未来。
38. 我的生活道路受制于某些我无法控制的力量。
39. 我认为担忧未来毫无意义，因为你根本无能无力。
40. 我通常能够循序渐进地按时完成计划。
41. 家人讨论往事时我心不在焉。
42. 为了给生活找点刺激，我常常冒险。
43. 我会把要做的事情列一个清单。
44. 我常感情用事，不很理性。
45. 当我知道有工作要做时，我能抵制诱惑。
46. 我发现自己在兴奋时会忘乎所以。
47. 如今的生活太复杂，我更喜欢过去较为简单的生活。
48. 我交朋友都是自然随缘，并不去刻意安排。
49. 我喜欢例行的家庭仪式和传统。
50. 我常想起那些曾经发生在我身上的坏事情。
51. 只要有助于自己进步，我也能坚持完成困难、枯燥的任务。
52. 将挣的钱花费在今天的享乐上，也比存起来保障明天的安全更好。
53. 努力工作不如靠运气。
54. 我常常想那些生活中错过的好事情。
55. 我喜欢充满激情的亲密关系。
56. 我总会有时间把拉下的功课/工作赶上的。

Items in English

1. I believe that gathering with friends is one of life’s greatest pleasures.
2. Familiar scenes, sounds, and smells from childhood often bring back many beautiful memories.
3. Fate controls my life.
4. I often think that my past should have been different.
5. I am greatly influenced by the people and things around me when making decisions.
6. I believe that I should plan my day each morning in advance.
7. Remembering the past makes me feel happy.
8. I act impulsively.
9. Even if things cannot be completed on time, I do not worry about it.
10. When I want to achieve something, I set goals and consider specific pathways to reach those goals.
11. Overall, I have more good things than bad things in my past life.
12. When I enjoy my favorite music, I often lose track of time.
13. Before playing at night, I will complete tasks that are due the next day and other necessary work.
14. Since everything is predetermined, what I do does not really matter.
15. I enjoy the beautiful past memories that happened.
16. Past painful experiences often replay in my mind.
17. Every moment, I enjoy my life to the fullest.
18. Being late for a date makes me feel annoyed.
19. Ideally, I treat every day as if it were my last.
20. Memories of beautiful times often come to my mind.
21. I always keep my promises to friends and superiors on time.
22. In the past, I have been abused and rejected.
23. I make decisions on a whim.
24. I live day-to-day without making plans.
25. There are too many unpleasant memories in the past that I do not want to think about.
26. My life needs to be full of excitement.
27. I really wish I had not made those mistakes in the past.
28. I think enjoying what I’m doing now is more important than completing tasks on time.
29. I miss my childhood.
30. Before making decisions, I weigh the pros and cons.
31. Taking risks makes my life less boring.
32. For me, enjoying the process of life is more important than merely focusing on the final outcome.
33. Most things do not happen as I wish.
34. It is hard for me to forget unpleasant images from my youth.
35. If I have to think about goals and outcomes, I lose enjoyment in the activity process.
36. Even while enjoying the present, I might unconsciously compare it to similar past experiences.
37. Due to the unpredictability of current events, it is impossible to plan for the future.
38. My life path is constrained by forces beyond my control.
39. I think worrying about the future is meaningless because you have no power over it.
40. I am usually able to complete my plans step by step on time.
41. When my family discusses the past, I am not paying attention.
42. To find excitement in life, I often take risks.
43. I will list things I need to do.
44. I often act on emotion rather than being rational.
45. I can resist temptations when I know I have work to do.
46. I find that I often lose myself when excited.
47. Nowadays, life is too complicated; I prefer the simpler life of the past.
48. I make friends naturally without deliberately arranging it.
49. I enjoy regular family celebrations and traditions.
50. I often think of bad things that have happened to me in the past.
51. As long as it helps me improve, I can stick to completing difficult and tedious tasks.
52. Spending money I earn on today’s pleasures is better than saving it for tomorrow’s security.
53. Working hard is not as good as relying on luck.
54. I often think about the good things I missed in life.
55. I like intimate relationships that are full of passion.
56. I always have time to catch up on my missed homework/work.

References

宋梅歌.时间洞察力对拖延行为的影响及其神经基础[D].西南大学,2016.
王超.高中生、中职生与青少年罪犯群体时间洞察力的特点及差异研究[D].河北师范大学,2012.
王茜茜.高中生时间洞察力、生涯成熟度与学业成绩的关系[D].西南大学,2022.DOI:10.27684/d.cnki.gxndx.2022.002856
Wang 等人(2015)修订了适合大学生的中文版时间洞察力量表(ZTPI-b)。该量表共有 20 个题目，包含 5 个维度方面的内容，其中包括未来取向和过去积极两个积极维度，还有过去消极、现在享乐和现在宿命三个消极维度。该量表各维度的含义与 Zimbardo 和 Boyd（1999）编写的《津巴多时间洞察力问卷》相同：未来取向（Future, F）指个体实现未来长期目标的思考与计划；过去积极(Past Positive, PP)反映个体对过去富有情感和快乐体验；过去消极(Past Negative, PN)指个体对过去消极、悲观的态度；现在享乐(Present Hedonistic, PH)指个体对现在享受快乐的渴望和追求；现在宿命(Present Fatalistic, PF)指个体持有无法控制的外力决定命运的信念。实证检验表明有良好的信效度。