Revision of the Short-form Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran for Chinese – Chinese Version

Description

The parents’ upbringing approach refers to the totality of attitudes, emotions, and behavioral patterns exhibited by parents when raising their children. This includes specific goal-related behaviors associated with parental responsibilities as well as non-verbal cues displayed during parent-child interactions, such as gestures, tone of voice, and emotional expressions (Darling & Steinberg, 1993).

Authors and Contact Email

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Purpose

The purpose of this document is to discuss the development and application of the short-form Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran (s-EMBU) in China, examining its reliability and validity in assessing parenting styles among Chinese adolescents.

Test Year

The original EMBU was developed in the 1980s, and the Chinese version was first revised in 1993.

Administration Method and Scoring

The questionnaire is divided into sections for fathers and mothers, with each section containing 81 items. The s-EMBU, a shortened version, was developed to streamline the number of items while maintaining the assessment of parenting styles.

Reliability and Validity

The study showed that the internal consistency coefficients (α) ranged from 0.74 to 0.84, the split-half reliability was between 0.73 and 0.84, and the test-retest reliability over a period of 10 weeks ranged from 0.70 to 0.81 for the s-EMBU-C.

Factors and Subscales

The standard EMBU includes four core dimensions:
– 拒绝 (Rejection)
– 情感温暖 (Emotional Warmth)
– 过度保护 (Over Protection)
– 偏爱被试 (Favoring Subject)

The s-EMBU consists of three dimensions:
– 拒绝 (Rejection)
– 情感温暖 (Emotional Warmth)
– 过度保护 (Over Protection)

The Chinese version of s-EMBU is comprised of these three dimensions while eliminating the “偏爱被试” (Favoring Subject) dimension due to its irrelevance in the context of many only-child families.

Keywords

Parenting styles, s-EMBU, reliability, validity, Chinese adolescents

Items in Chinese

1. 父/母亲常常在我不知道原因的情况下对我大发脾气。
2. 父/母亲赞美我。
3. 我希望父/母亲对我正在做的事不要过分担心。
4. 父/母亲对我的惩罚往往超过我应受的程度。
5. 父/母亲要求我回到家里必须得向她说明我在外面做了什么事。
6. 我觉得父/母亲尽量使我的青少年时期的生活更有意义和丰富多彩。
7. 父/母亲经常当着别人的面批评我既懒惰又无用。
8. 父/母亲不允许我做一些其他孩子可以做的事情，因为她害怕我会出事。
9. 父/母亲总试图鼓励我，使我成为佼佼者。
10. 我觉得父/母亲对我可能出事的担心是夸大的、过分的。
11. 当遇到不顺心的事时，我能感到父/母亲在尽量鼓励我，使我得到安慰。
12. 我在家里往往被当作“替罪羊”或“害群之马”。
13. 我能通过父/母亲的言谈、表情，感受到她很喜欢我。
14. 父/母亲常以一种使我很难堪的方式对待我。
15. 父/母亲常常允许我到我喜欢去的地方而她又不会过分担心。
16. 我觉得父/母亲干涉我做的任何一件事。
17. 我觉得与父/母亲之间存在一种温暖、体贴和亲热的感觉。
18. 父/母亲对我该做什么、不该做什么都有严格的限制而且绝不让步。
19. 即使是很小的过错父/母亲也惩罚我。
20. 父/母亲总是左右我该穿什么衣服或该打扮成什么样子。
21. 当我做的事情取得成功时，我觉得父/母亲很为我自豪。

Items in English

1. My father/mother often loses his/her temper with me without knowing the reason.
2. My father/mother praises me.
3. I wish my father/mother wouldn’t worry too much about what I am doing.
4. My father/mother’s punishments often exceed what I deserve.
5. My father/mother requires me to explain what I have been doing when I come home.
6. I feel that my father/mother tries to make my teenage life more meaningful and colorful.
7. My father/mother often criticizes me for being lazy and useless in front of others.
8. My father/mother does not allow me to do some things that other children can do because he/she is afraid I will get into trouble.
9. My father/mother always tries to encourage me to be the best.
10. I feel my father/mother’s worries about me getting into trouble are exaggerated or excessive.
11. When I encounter unpleasant things, I feel my father/mother tries to encourage me and comfort me.
12. I am often treated as a “scapegoat” or a “bad apple” at home.
13. I can sense from my father/mother’s words and expressions that he/she likes me very much.
14. My father/mother often treats me in a way that makes me uncomfortable.
15. My father/mother often lets me go where I like without worrying too much.
16. I feel that my father/mother interferes with everything I do.
17. I feel there is a warm, caring, and affectionate atmosphere between me and my father/mother.
18. My father/mother has strict limits on what I should and shouldn’t do and never backs down.
19. Even small mistakes lead to punishments from my father/mother.
20. My father/mother always dictates what clothes I should wear or how I should look.
21. When I achieve success, I feel proud of my father/mother.

References

蒋奖,鲁峥嵘,蒋苾菁等.简式父母教养方式问卷中文版的初步修订[J].心理发展与教育,2010,26(01):94-99.DOI:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2010.01.017.
刘思含,伍新春,王歆逸.父母教养方式的潜在类别及其与青少年学习投入和焦虑症状的关系[J/OL].心理发展与教育,2023(05):673-682[2023-02-25].https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2023.05.08.