Childhood Trauma Questionnaire/Short Form – Chinese Version

Description

Childhood trauma, also known as experiences of psychological abuse and neglect during childhood, lacks a unified definition in academic circles due to significant variations in cultural, historical, religious customs, and economic development levels among different regions. In East Asian Confucian cultures like those of China, Japan, and Korea, physical punishment or abuse is often seen as a legitimate educational method by parents, elders, and teachers. In certain Islamic cultures in Central Asia and parts of Africa, child abuse is given a religious connotation, with “circumcision” being a legally sanctioned form of abuse that every minor must undergo. Similar instances of childhood abuse can be found in other cultures as well. The psychological concept of childhood trauma was first proposed by the Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud concluded through the treatment and analysis of numerous patients with mental disorders that if an experience causes significant psychological disturbance in a relatively short period, rendering an individual unable to cope, it could be termed as trauma (Freud, 1917). He believed that traumatic experiences during childhood are primary causes of mental disorders, and unresolved inner conflicts during childhood can lead to psychological trauma.

Authors and Contact Email

Information not available.

Purpose

The aim of research on childhood trauma is to understand its effects on mental health, particularly how such experiences can lead to various psychological disorders and disorders of personality.

Test Year

1998 (for Childhood Trauma Questionnaire)

Administration Method and Scoring

The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), developed by Bernstein et al. in 1998, is a widely recognized tool for measuring childhood trauma. The scale can be quickly administered, requiring approximately five minutes to complete, and includes 28 items covering various types of clinical abuse.

Reliability and Validity

The CTQ-SF has been revised and utilized by scholars worldwide since its inception, demonstrating good reliability and validity. It has been translated into multiple languages and applied in different populations globally.

Factors and Subscales

The CTQ-SF categorizes childhood trauma into five dimensions:
– 躯体虐待 (Physical abuse)
– 情感虐待 (Emotional abuse)
– 性虐待 (Sexual abuse)
– 躯体忽视 (Physical neglect)
– 情感忽视 (Emotional neglect)

Keywords

Childhood trauma, psychological abuse, neglect, mental health, depressive disorders, psychological resilience

Items in Chinese

1. 我吃不饱。
2. 有人照顾我、保护我。
3. 家里有人喊我“笨蛋”、“懒虫”或“丑八怪”等。
4. 父母过于酗酒或挥霍浪费，以致不能照顾家庭。
5. 家里有人使我觉得自己很重要或不一般。
6. 我不得不穿脏衣服。
7. 我感到家里人爱我。
8. 我觉得父母希望从来没有生过我。
9. 家里有人把我打伤的很重，不得不去医院。
10. 当时我不希望去改变家里的什么。
11. 家里有人打的我鼻青脸肿或伤痕累累。
12. 家里有人用皮带、绳子、木板或其他硬东西惩罚我。
13. 家里人彼此互相关心。
14. 家里有人向我说过刻薄或侮辱性的话。
15. 我觉得我受到了躯体虐待。
16. 我的童年是美好的。
17. 我被打的很重，引起了老师、邻居或医生等人的注意。
18. 我觉得家里有人憎恨我。
19. 家里人关系很亲密。
20. 有人试图以性的方式触摸我或让我抚摸他。
21. 有人威逼或引诱我同他做性方面的事。
22. 我的家是世上最好的。
23. 有人试图让我做或看性方面的事。
24. 有人猥亵我。
25. 我认为我受到了情感虐待。
26. 如果需要，会有人送我去医院。
27. 我认为我受到了性虐待。
28. 家是我力量和支持的源泉。

Items in English

1. I did not have enough to eat.
2. Someone took care of me, protected me.
3. Someone at home called me names like “stupid”, “lazy”, or “ugly”.
4. My parents were too drunk or were spending money on things other than taking care of the family.
5. Someone in my family made me feel important or special.
6. I had to wear dirty clothes.
7. I felt that my family loved me.
8. I felt that my parents wished I had never been born.
9. Someone at home hurt me badly enough that I had to go to the hospital.
10. I did not want to change anything about my home at that time.
11. Someone at home hit me so badly that I had bruises or marks on my body.
12. Someone at home punished me with a belt, a rope, a stick, or some other hard object.
13. People in my family care for each other.
14. Someone at home said hurtful or insulting things to me.
15. I felt that I was physically abused.
16. My childhood was happy.
17. I was hit so hard that it was noticed by teachers, neighbors, or doctors.
18. I felt that someone in my family hated me.
19. People in my family are very close to each other.
20. Someone tried to touch me sexually or get me to touch them.
21. Someone threatened or tricked me into doing sexual things with them.
22. My home is the best place in the world.
23. Someone tried to get me to do or see sexual things.
24. Someone sexually assaulted me.
25. I believe I was emotionally abused.
26. If needed, someone would take me to the hospital.
27. I believe I was sexually abused.
28. Home is a source of strength and support for me.

References

Freud, S. (1917).
WHO (1999).
Jnogsma, (2003).
Jiang Guodong (2014).
Ding Yi (2017).
He Lingshuang et al. (2018).
Jiang Jiang (2008).
Jiang Wenjuan (2017).
Ling Yu et al. (2009).
Wang Chengyu, Wang Qiang (2017).
He Yuqiong et al. (2018).
He Dongmei (2015).
Cui Lixia et al. (2011).
Peng Wei (2017).
Liu Xianhua (2018).
Yi Yun and Zhao Bin et al. (2015).
Niu Yi (2015).
Li Shaojie et al. (2018).
Zhou Maoling et al. (2013).
Song Rui et al. (2013).