Nolen-Hoeksema Ruminative Responses Scale – Chinese Version

Description

Rumination, also known as excessive thinking or contemplation, refers to the tendency of individuals to dwell on negative life events such as exam failures or losses. This rumination process involves repeatedly contemplating the reasons and consequences of such events, as well as the emotions they elicit. While theories explaining rumination vary, they essentially emphasize that it reflects a natural inclination to repetitively think about adverse life events, often linked to depressive emotions, sadness, and anger.

Authors and Contact Email

Guo Suran, Wu Xinchun

Purpose

To explore the relationship between rumination and psychological health, highlighting its association with depression, anxiety, and other related emotional states.

Test Year

Information not available

Administration Method and Scoring

The scale consists of 22 items, divided into three factors: 症状反刍 (symptom rumination), 强迫思考 (brooding), and 反省深思 (reflective pondering). Participants rate their agreement with each item on a scale from 1 to 4, where 1 = 从不 (never), 2 = 有时 (sometimes), 3 = 经常 (often), and 4 = 总是 (always). Higher scores indicate a greater tendency toward rumination.

Reliability and Validity

Official samples were collected from several universities in Hangzhou, Jinhua, and Huzhou, with a total of 1000 questionnaires distributed. A total of 973 questionnaires were collected, leading to 912 valid responses, resulting in an effective recovery rate of 93.73%. Among the valid responses, there were 390 first-year, 248 second-year, 154 third-year, and 120 fourth-year students. There were 430 males and 482 females, with an average age of 20.31 years. After six weeks, a retest using the RRS was conducted on 120 students, retrieving 108 responses, achieving a recovery rate of 90%.

Factors and Subscales

– 症状反刍 (Symptom Rumination)
– 强迫思考 (Brooding)
– 反省深思 (Reflective Pondering)

Keywords

Rumination, Depression, Anxiety, Psychological Health, Cognitive Vulnerability

Items in Chinese

1. 我常常想我是多么孤独
2. 我常常想:“如果我不能停止想这些,那我就不能总是继续做手头的事”
3. 我常常想我疲劳、痛苦的感觉
4. 我常常想:“集中注意力是多么困难”
5. 我常常想我究竟做了什么会导致这样
6. 我常常想自己是多么消极被动、毫无动力
7. 我常常分析最近发生的事以便理解为什么感到郁闷
8. 我常常想我对其他事情感到麻木
9. 我常常想我为什么如此不顺心
10. 我常常想我为什么总是这样
11. 我常常独自思考为什么会这样
12. 我常常写下自己正在想的事情并加以分析
13. 我常常思考现状,希望它有所好转
14. 我常常想如果这种感觉持续的话,就无法集中注意
15. 我常常想为什么我有这些问题,而别人却没有
16. 我常常想我为什么不能把事情处理得更好
17. 我常常想我为什么感到如此伤心
18. 我常常想我的缺点、失败、错误和过失
19. 我常常想,“我对做任何事都提不起劲来”
20. 我常常分析自已的性格以便理解为何感到压抑
21. 我会常常单独到某个地方去想我的感受
22. 我常常想我是多么地生自己的气

Items in English

1. I often think about how lonely I am.
2. I often think, “If I cannot stop thinking about this, I won’t be able to continue with my current tasks.”
3. I often think about my feelings of fatigue and pain.
4. I often think, “How difficult it is to concentrate.”
5. I often think about what I did that led to this.
6. I often think about how negative, passive, and unmotivated I feel.
7. I often analyze recent events to understand why I feel depressed.
8. I often think how numb I feel towards other things.
9. I often think about why I am so unhappy.
10. I often think about why it is always like this.
11. I often think alone about why this is happening.
12. I often write down my thoughts and analyze them.
13. I often reflect on the current situation, hoping it gets better.
14. I often think that if this feeling persists, I won’t be able to concentrate.
15. I often wonder why I have these problems while others do not.
16. I often think about why I cannot handle things better.
17. I often think about why I feel so sad.
18. I often think about my flaws, failures, mistakes, and shortcomings.
19. I often think, “I can’t get motivated to do anything.”
20. I often analyze my personality to understand why I feel depressed.
21. I often go to a place alone to think about my feelings.
22. I often think about how angry I am at myself.

References

郭素然, 伍新春. 反刍思维与心理健康(综述)[J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2011(04):81-85.
韩秀, 杨宏飞. Nolen-Hoeksema反刍思维量表在中国的试用[J]. 中国临床心理学杂志, 2009, 17(005):550-551.
杨扬. 大学生反刍思维与情绪智力以及抑郁、焦虑的关系研究[D]. 河南大学, 2012.