Table of Contents
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Appearance Anxiety Inventory – AAI
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Children’s Social Desirability Scale (CSD)
(Crandall, Crandall, & Katkovsky, 1965)
Variable
Modeled after the Marlowe—Crowne scale, the CSD assesses SDR in children as motivated by a need for approval. Subsequently, the construct was reinterpreted as fear of disapproval (Crandall, 1966).
Description
The scale contains 48 statements in True—False format with 26 items keyed true. Much of the item content follows that of the Marlowe—Crowne items. Additional items involve child-specific content (e.g., “Sometimes I want to do things ny parents think I am too young to do.”) or items that are worded in children’s language (e.g., “Sometimes I wish I could just mess around instead of having to go to school.”). Possible scores range from 0 to 48 with high scores indicating a fear of disapproval.
Samples
In a total sample of 956 grade school and high school students, Crandall et al. (1965) reported means monotonically decreasing from 29.3 (s.d. 10.4) in Grade 3 to 12.7 (s.d.
7.6) in Grade 12.
Reliability
Internal Consistency
Crandall et al. (1965) reported corrected split-half reliabilities ranging from .82 to .95.
Test—Retest
Crandall et al. (1965) reported a test—retest correlation of .85 after a I-month interval. Allaman et al. (1972) reported test—retest correlations of .90 after I month and of .43 and . 19 over 3 years for males and females, respectively.
Validity
Convergent
Correlations of .78 and .5 1 were found between scores on the CSD and scores on the Marlowe—Crowne and Good Impression scales, respectively. High scorers were more religious (Crandall & Gozali, 1969) but had lower self-esteem (Crandall, 1966). In observational studies, high CSD scorers were less aggressive, participated less, avoided achievement activities (Crandall, 1966), and ate less candy in the presence of others (Staub & Sherk, 1970). Some evidence is less consistent with the construct (for a review, see Strickland, 1977).
Discriminant
No relevant information has been reported.
Location
Crandall, V. , Crandall, V. J. , & Katkovsky, W. A. (1965). A children’s social desirability scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 29, 27—36. The actual items are presented in Strickland (1977).
Comments
Crandall et al. (1965) also developed a version for younger children (Grades 3—5). The items are posed in question format and are usually presented via a recording for standardization purposes. In a sample of 43 fifth graders, this measure correlated .85 with the written true—false version (Brannigan, 1974).
The developmental data are provocative in suggesting that SDR tendencies result from maternal tendencies such as hostility, criticism, restrictiveness, punitiveness, and lack of encouragement. In addition, noncompliance and dominance in infancy were related to adult SDR (Allaman et al., 1972).
Developmental stability is a critical issue. Test—retest correlations are high after I month but low after 3 years. Crandall et al. (1965) interpret the latter as developmental instability. Interestingly, the correlation with the Marlowe—Crowne noted earlier (.78) was after an average delay of several years. Although the sample size was very small (n = 12), Allaman et al. (1972) suggest that SDR may stabilize by adolescence.
| CSD
This questionnaire lists a number of experiences that most children have at one time or another. Read each of these carefully. After you have read one, decide whether it does or does not fit you. If it does, put a T (for true) in front of the statement; if it doesn’t, put an F (for false) in front of the statement. 1 . I always enjoy myself at a party. * 2. I tell a little lie sometimes. 3. I never get angry if I have to stop in the middle of something I’m doing to eat dinner, or go to school. *4. Sometimes i don’t like to share my things with my friends. 5.   I am always respectful of older people. 6.   i WOUld never hit a boy or girl who was smaller than me. * 7. Sometimes i do not feel like doing what my teachers want me to do. 8.   I never act “fresh” or “talk back” to my mother or father. 9.   When I make a mistake, i always admit I am wrong. * 1 0. I feel my parents do not always show good judgment. l l . I have never felt like saying unkind things to a person. 1 2. I always finish all of my homework on time. * 1 3. Sometimes i have felt like throwing or breaking things. 1 4. i never let someone else get blamed for what I did wrong. * 1 5. Sometimes I say something just to impress my friends. 1 6. I am always careful about keeping my clothing neat, and my room picked up. 1 7. I never shout when I feel angry. *     1 8. Sometimes i feel like staying home from school even if I am not sick. * 1 9. Sometimes i wish that my parents didn’t check up on me so closely. 20. I always help people who need help. *     2 1 . Sometimes I argue with my mother to do something she doesn’t want me to do. 22.    i never say anything that would make a person feel bad. 23.    My teachers always know more about everything than i do. 24.    I am always polite, even to people who are not very nice. |
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| *25. Sometimes I do things I’ve been told not to do.
26. I never get angry. *27. I sometimes want to own things just because my friends have them. 28.   I always listen to my parents. 29.   I never forget to say “please” and “thank you.” * 30. Sometimes I wish I could iust “mess around” instead of having to go to school. 31 . I always wash my hands before every meal. *32. Sometimes I dislike helping my parents even though I know they need my help around the house. 33.   I never find it hard to make friends. 34.   I have never been tempted to break a rule or a law. *35. Sometimes I try to get even when someone does something to me I don’t like. *36. I sometimes feel angry when I don’t get my way. 37. I always help an iniured animal. *38. Sometimes I want to do things my parents think I am too young to do. *39. I sometimes feel like making fun of other people. 40. I have never borrowed anything without asking permission first. *41 . Sometimes I get annoyed when someone disturbs something I’ve been working on. 42.   I am always glad to cooperate with others. 43.   I never get annoyed when my best friend wants to do something I don’t want to do. * 44. Sometimes I wish that the other kids would pay more attention to what I say. 45. I always do the right things. * 46. Sometimes I don’t like to obey my parents. *47. Sometimes I don’t like it when another person asks me to do things for him. *48. Sometimes I get mad when people don’t do what I want. Note:  Items keyed in “False” (negative) direction. |
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BetterMind
Appearance Anxiety Inventory (AAI)
Instructions:
Please check the box that best describes the way you have felt about your appearance or a specific feature OVER THE PAST WEEK, INCLUDING TODAY.
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Not at all |
A little |
Often |
A lot |
All the time |
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 |
I compare aspects of my appearance to others |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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I check my appearance (e.g. in mirrors, by touching with my fingers, or by taking photos of myself) |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
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I avoid situations or people because of my appearance |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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I brood about past events or reasons to explain why I look the way I do |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
|
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I THINK about how to camouflage or alter my appearance |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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I am focussed on how I feel I look, rather than on my surroundings |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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I avoid reflective surfaces, photos, or videos of myself |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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I discuss my appearance with others or question them about it |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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I try to camouflage or alter aspects of my appearance |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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I try to prevent people from seeing aspects of my appearance within particular situations (e.g., by changing my posture, avoiding bright lights) |
0 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
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Developer Reference:
Veale, D., Eshkevaria, E., Kanakama, N., Ellisona, N., Costa, A., and Werner, T. (2014). The Appearance Anxiety Inventory: Validation of a Process Measure in the Treatment of Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 42, 605-616.
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Cite this article
mohammad looti (2026). Responding Desirably on Attitudes and Opinions (RD-16). PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Retrieved from https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/responding-desirably-on-attitudes-and-opinions-rd-16/
mohammad looti. "Responding Desirably on Attitudes and Opinions (RD-16)." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 2 Apr. 2026, https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/responding-desirably-on-attitudes-and-opinions-rd-16/.
mohammad looti. "Responding Desirably on Attitudes and Opinions (RD-16)." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 2026. https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/responding-desirably-on-attitudes-and-opinions-rd-16/.
mohammad looti (2026) 'Responding Desirably on Attitudes and Opinions (RD-16)', PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Available at: https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/responding-desirably-on-attitudes-and-opinions-rd-16/.
[1] mohammad looti, "Responding Desirably on Attitudes and Opinions (RD-16)," PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, vol. X, no. Y, ص Z-Z, April, 2026.
mohammad looti. Responding Desirably on Attitudes and Opinions (RD-16). PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. 2026;vol(issue):pages.