Hospitalized Patients’ Spiritual Needs Questionnaire

📜
Abstract

The Hospitalized patients' Spiritual needs Questionnaire (HPSNQ) represents a significant advancement in the holistic assessment of individuals receiving Medical-surgical care. While the psychological and physical dimensions of illness are routinely monitored, the spiritual domain often remains neglected, partly due to a lack of appropriate measurement tools. This instrument was specifically engineered to capture the nuanced spiritual requirements of patients who are hospitalized for non-terminal, non-severe conditions, distinguishing it from legacy measures that predominantly target palliative or oncology populations.

By utilizing a rigorous mixed-methods approach that integrates both qualitative patient interviews and advanced quantitative modeling, the developers have created a highly robust psychometric tool. The HPSNQ not only facilitates better bedside care by nurses and clinicians but also provides researchers with a culturally sensitive metric to evaluate the efficacy of spiritual interventions in general hospital settings. It allows healthcare systems to operationalize spiritual care, moving it from an abstract concept to a measurable, actionable component of patient recovery.

🏷
Keywords
Spiritual needs
psychometrics
Nursing assessment
Hospitalized patients
item response theory
Holistic care
Medical-surgical

📊 Psychometric Scorecard

Items Count
43
Structure
Multidimensional
Cronbach's α
0.83
Validation Country
📍 Iran

Authors

👤 Fahimeh Alsadat Hosseini
🏛 Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

👤 Marzieh Momennasab
✉ [email protected]
🏛 Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

👤 Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
🏛 Department of Methodology of Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

👤 Shahrzad Yektatalab
🏛 Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

👤 Maryam Shaygan
🏛 Community Based Psychiatric Care Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

👤 Armin Zareiyan
🏛 Public Health Department, Health in Disaster & Emergencies Department, Nursing Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

Purpose

Historically, psychometric tools designed to evaluate spiritual distress have been heavily skewed toward end-of-life care, chronic terminal illnesses, or geriatric populations. This created a substantial blind spot in health psychology and nursing science regarding the everyday Spiritual needs of general Medical-surgical patients. Furthermore, many existing scales were developed in Western, secular contexts, making them potentially misaligned with cultures where religion and spirituality are deeply intertwined, such as in Islamic societies.

The HPSNQ was developed to bridge this critical gap. It offers clinicians a validated mechanism to systematically identify spiritual distress in acute but non-critical care environments. For researchers, it provides a culturally grounded, empirically sound framework to study how addressing Spiritual needs might influence recovery trajectories, psychological well-being, and overall adaptation to hospitalization.

Construct

The theoretical architecture of the HPSNQ conceptualizes Spiritual needs not as a monolithic entity, but as a dynamic, multidimensional construct. Through qualitative exploration, the developers identified that a patient's spiritual equilibrium during hospitalization relies on four distinct but interacting pillars. The first dimension captures the deeply personal, often religious connection the individual seeks with a higher power during times of health-related vulnerability. The second dimension reflects the fundamental human need for meaningful, supportive bonds with family, peers, and healthcare providers.

The third dimension involves the necessity of a tranquil environment, highlighting how external physical and atmospheric conditions impact internal spiritual peace. Finally, the construct encompasses the cognitive and emotional pursuit of meaning, purpose, and existence beyond the immediate physical reality of illness. Together, these four domains provide a comprehensive map of the spiritual landscape navigated by hospitalized individuals.

Validity

The validation protocol for this instrument was exceptionally rigorous, moving beyond standard Classical Test Theory to incorporate item response theory. Initially, the content and face validity were secured through extensive qualitative interviews, ensuring the items resonated authentically with the lived experiences of the target demographic. Construct validity was subsequently established through a robust cross-sectional design.

By employing Samejima's Graded Response Model, the researchers were able to evaluate the precise performance of each item across different levels of the underlying spiritual trait. This dual-methodological approach ensures that the final items are not only theoretically sound but also psychometrically precise, minimizing measurement error and reducing the response burden on patients.

Reliability

In terms of internal consistency, the HPSNQ demonstrates excellent psychometric stability. The developers reported Cronbach's alpha coefficients ranging from 0.83 to 0.95 across the total scale and its respective sub-dimensions. These values comfortably exceed the standard threshold required for research purposes and approach the stringent criteria desired for clinical decision-making.

Beyond internal consistency, the temporal stability of the instrument was evaluated using test-retest methodology. The resulting intraclass correlation coefficients spanned from 0.89 to 0.96, indicating that the scale produces highly consistent measurements over time when the underlying Spiritual needs remain unchanged. This high degree of reliability ensures that any fluctuations detected by the scale during a patient's hospital stay are likely reflective of genuine shifts in their spiritual state rather than measurement noise.

Factor Analysis

To uncover and verify the latent structure of the questionnaire, the research team utilized a sequential factor analytic approach using Mplus software. An initial exploratory factor analysis successfully distilled the large preliminary item pool into a clean, interpretable four-factor model comprising 43 items. This empirical structure perfectly mirrored the theoretical dimensions identified during the qualitative phase of the study.

Following the exploratory phase, a confirmatory factor analysis was executed to rigorously test the fit of this four-factor model against the empirical data. The successful confirmation of this structure indicates that the items load strongly and exclusively onto their intended theoretical domains, thereby providing strong empirical support for the multidimensional scoring of the instrument.

Subscales

Subscale Items Description
Relationship with God Measures the patient's need for connection, communication, and relationship with a higher power or divine entity during their hospitalization.
Interpersonal connectedness Assesses the need for meaningful relationships, support, and communication with family, friends, and healthcare staff.
Peaceful environment Evaluates the patient's requirement for a calm, respectful, and spiritually conducive physical and atmospheric hospital setting.
Transcendence Captures the need to find meaning, purpose, and a sense of existence beyond the immediate physical reality of the illness.

Instrument

Test Type Self-report questionnaire
Format 43 items
Language Persian
Population Medical patients, Adults
Age Group 18-60 years
Administration Self-administered

Hospitalized Patients' Spiritual Needs Questionnaire Items

📋 Items are currently not available

The individual items of this scale are not publicly available. Researchers interested in using this instrument should contact the original authors directly to request the scale materials.

Sample

Hospitalized patients in Medical-surgical units, aged 18 to 60 years, who were conscious, oriented, proficient in Persian, and experiencing non-severe Medical-surgical health conditions (excluding terminal stages, severe mental/physical health issues, AIDS, or cancer).

📄
Cite This Paper

Fahimeh Alsadat Hosseini, Marzieh Momennasab, Joan Guàrdia-Olmos, Shahrzad Yektatalab, Maryam Shaygan, Armin Zareiyan (2023). Hospitalized patients' Spiritual needs Questionnaire. BMC palliative care. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-023-01213-5

📄 Download Full-Text PDF

📚
References
103 references
  1. Murgia C, Notarnicola I, Rocco G, Stievano A. Spirituality in nursing: a concept analysis. Nurs Ethics. 2020;27(5):1327–43. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733020909534
  2. Lalani N. Meanings and interpretations of spirituality in nursing and health. Religions. 2020;11(9):428. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11090428
  3. Joseph RP, Ainsworth BE, Mathis L, Hooker SP, Keller C. Incorporating religion and spirituality into the design of community-based physical activity programs for african american women: a qualitative inquiry. BMC Res Notes. 2017;10(1):1–6. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2830-3
  4. McSherry W, Jamieson S. An online survey of nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. J Clin Nurs. 2011;20(11–12):1757–67. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03547.x
  5. Britt KC, Acton G. Exploring the meaning of spirituality and spiritual care with help from Viktor Frankl. J Holist Nurs. 2022;40(1):46–55. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/08980101211026776
  6. Can Oz Y, Duran S, Dogan K. The meaning and role of spirituality for older Adults: a qualitative study. J Relig Health. 2022;61(2):1490–504. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01258-x
  7. Tobin RS, Cosiano MF, O’Connor CM, Fiuzat M, Granger BB, Rogers JG, et al. Spirituality in patients with heart failure. JACC: Heart Failure; 2022. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchf.2022.01.014
  8. Nimmi P, Binoy AK, Joseph G, Suma R. Significance of developing spirituality among management students: discerning the impact on psychological resources and wellbeing. J Appl Res High Educ. 2022;14(1):317–31. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1108/JARHE-10-2020-0372
  9. Yusuf A, Fitryasari R, Tristiana R, Nihayati HE. Development of holistic nursing Care Model for Mental Disorder Patients Care in Indonesia. Indian J Public Health Res Dev. 2019;10(8). 🔗 https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.02084.9
  10. Zumstein-Shaha M, Ferrell B, Economou D. Nurses’ response to Spiritual needs of cancer patients. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2020;48:101792. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2020.101792
  11. Paal P, Leget C, Goodhead A. Spiritual care education: results from an EAPC survey. Eur J Palliat Care. 2015;22(2):91–5.
  12. Koenig HG, King D, Carson VB. Handbook of religion and health. Oup Usa; 2012.
  13. Soenke M, Landau MJ, Greenberg J. Sacred armor: Religion’s role as a buffer against the anxieties of life and the fear of death. APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality. 2013;1:105 – 22. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1037/14045-005
  14. Yousefi H, Abedi HA. Spiritual care in Hospitalized patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2011;16(1):125–32.
  15. Cosentino C, Harrad RA, Sulla F, Bertuol M, Sarli L, Artioli G. Nursing spiritual assessment instruments in adult patients: a narrative literature review. Acta bio-medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(12–s):e2020015.
  16. Selman LE, Brighton LJ, Sinclair S, Karvinen I, Egan R, Speck P, et al. Patients’ and caregivers’ needs, experiences, preferences and research priorities in spiritual care: a focus group study across nine countries. Palliat Med. 2018;32(1):216–30. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216317734954
  17. O’Brien MR, Kinloch K, Groves KE, Jack BA. Meeting patients’ Spiritual needs during end-of‐life care: a qualitative study of nurses’ and healthcare professionals’ perceptions of spiritual care training. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28(1–2):182–9. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14648
  18. Yong J, Kim J, Han SS, Puchalski CM. Development and validation of a scale assessing Spiritual needs for korean patients with cancer. J Palliat Care. 2008;24(4):240–6. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/082585970802400403
  19. Riklikienė O, Spirgienė L, Kaselienė S, Luneckaitė Ž, Tomkevičiūtė J, Büssing A. Translation, cultural, and clinical validation of the lithuanian version of the Spiritual needs questionnaire among hospitalized cancer patients. Medicina. 2019;55(11):738. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55110738
  20. Hatamipour K, Rassouli M, Yaghmaie F, Zendedel K, Alavi Majd H. Development and psychometrics of a ‘Spiritual needs Assessment Scale of Patients with Cancer’: a mixed exploratory study. Int J Cancer Manage. 2018;11(1):e10083. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.5812/ijcm.10083
  21. Balboni TA, Paulk ME, Balboni MJ, Phelps AC, Loggers ET, Wright AA, et al. Provision of spiritual care to patients with advanced cancer: associations with medical care and quality of life near death. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(3):445–52. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.24.8005
  22. Zakaria Kiaei M, Salehi A, Moosazadeh Nasrabadi A, Whitehead D, Azmal M, Kalhor R, et al. Spirituality and spiritual care in Iran: nurses’ perceptions and barriers. Int Nurs Rev. 2015;62(4):584–92. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12222
  23. Büssing A, Pilchowska I, Surzykiewicz J. Spiritual needs of polish patients with chronic Diseases. J Relig Health. 2015;54(5):1524–42. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-014-9863-x
  24. Cetinkaya B, Azak A, Dundar SA. Nurses’ perceptions of spirituality and spiritual care. Australian J Adv Nurs. 2013;31(1):5. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.37464/2013.311.1602
  25. Bussing A, Janko A, Baumann K, Hvidt NC, Kopf A. Spiritual needs among patients with chronic pain diseases and cancer living in a secular society. Pain Med. 2013;14(9):1362–73. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12198
  26. Seddigh R, Keshavarz-Akhlaghi AA, Azarnik S. Questionnaires measuring patients’ Spiritual needs: a narrative literature review. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2016;10(1):e4011.
  27. Sharma RK, Astrow AB, Texeira K, Sulmasy DP. The Spiritual needs Assessment for Patients (SNAP): development and validation of a comprehensive instrument to assess unmet Spiritual needs. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2012;44(1):44–51. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.07.008
  28. Vilalta A, Valls J, Porta J, Viñas J. Evaluation of Spiritual needs of patients with advanced cancer in a palliative care unit. J Palliat Med. 2014;17(5):592–600. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2013.0569
  29. Wu L-F, Koo M, Liao Y-C, Chen Y-M, Yeh D-C. Development and validation of the spiritual care needs inventory for acute care hospital patients in Taiwan. Clin Nurs Res. 2016;25(6):590–606. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/1054773815579609
  30. Galek K, Flannelly KJ, Vane A, Galek RM. Assessing a patient’s Spiritual needs: a comprehensive instrument. Holist Nurs Pract. 2005;19(2):62–9. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004650-200503000-00006
  31. Edwards A, Pang N, Shiu V, Chan C. The understanding of spirituality and the potential role of spiritual care in end-of-life and palliative care: a meta-study of qualitative research. Palliat Med. 2010;24(8):753–70. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/0269216310375860
  32. Büssing A. Spiritual needs in research and practice: the Spiritual needs questionnaire as a global resource for health and social care. Springer Nature; 2021. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70139-0
  33. Riklikienė O, Abreu WCd, Valente TCdO, Rassouli M, Surzykiewicz J, Büssing A. Structures of Spiritual needs questionnaire versions in countries with different Cultural and Religious Backgrounds. In: Büssing A, editor. Spiritual needs in Research and Practice: the Spiritual needs questionnaire as a global resource for Health and Social Care. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 111–31. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70139-0_9
  34. Moeini B, Zamanian H, Taheri-Kharameh Z, Ramezani T, Saati-Asr M, Hajrahimian M, et al. Translation and psychometric testing of the Persian version of the Spiritual needs questionnaire among elders with chronic diseases. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2018;55(1):94–100. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.08.024
  35. Hatamipour K, Rassouli M, Yaghmaei F, Zendedel K. Psychometric Properties of the Farsi Version of “Spiritual needs Questionnaire” for Cancer Patients in Iran: a methodological study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2018;19(4):989–95.
  36. Nejat N, Whitehead L, Crowe M. Exploratory psychometric properties of the Farsi and English versions of the Spiritual needs questionnaire (SpNQ). Religions. 2016;7(7):84. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel7070084
  37. Al-Ansari B, Noroozi A, Thow A-M, Day CA, Mirzaie M, Conigrave KM. Alcohol treatment systems in muslim majority countries: Case study of alcohol treatment policy in Iran. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;80:102753. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102753
  38. aseleh Jahromi M, Akbar RE. Spiritual needs of Hospitalized patients from nurses’ viewpoints: a qualitative study. Arch Venezolanos de Farmacología y Terapéutica. 2020;39(8):916–22.
  39. Heidari A, Afzoon Z, Heidari M. The correlation between spiritual care competence and spiritual health among iranian nurses. BMC Nurs. 2022;21(1):277. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-01056-0
  40. Timmins F, Caldeira S. Assessing the Spiritual needs of patients. Nursing standard (Royal College of nursing (Great Britain): 1987). 2017;31(29):47–53. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10312
  41. Aminayi M, Asghari Ebrahimabad MJ, Azadi M, Soltani Shal R. Reliability and validity of Farsi version of Parsian and Dunning spirituality questionnaire. J Fundamentals Mental Health. 2015;17(3).
  42. Jaberi A, Momennasab M, Cheraghi MA, Yektatalab S, Ebadi A. Development and psychometric evaluation of the spiritual health questionnaire among iranian muslim Adults. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2021;10(3):194.
  43. Iranmanesh S, Tirgari B, Cheraghi MA. Developing and testing a spiritual care questionnaire in the iranian context. J Relig Health. 2012;51:1104–16. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-011-9458-8
  44. Merati-Fashi F, Khaledi-Paveh B, Mosafer H, Ebadi A. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of the nurse spiritual care therapeutics scale (NSCTS). BMC Palliat care. 2021;20(1):1–6. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12904-021-00750-1
  45. Biglari Abhari M, Fisher JW, Kheiltash A, Nojomi M. Validation of the Persian version of spiritual well-being questionnaires. Iran J Med Sci. 2018;43(3):276–85.
  46. Nia HS, Mohammadinezhad M, Allen KA, Boyle C, Sharif SP, Rahmatpour P. Psychometric evaluation of the Persian version of the spiritual well-being scale (SWBS) in iranian patients with cancer. Palliat Support Care. 2022;20(1):113–21. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478951521000407
  47. Hatamipour K, Rassouli M, Yaghmaie F, Zendedel K. Psychometric properties of the Farsi version of “Spiritual needs Questionnaire” for cancer patients in Iran: a methodological study. Asian Pac J Cancer Prevention: APJCP. 2018;19(4):989.
  48. Peng-Keller S, Moergeli H, Hasenfratz K, Naef R, Rettke H, Hefti R, et al. Including the spiritual dimension in multimodal pain therapy. Development and validation of the spiritual distress and resources questionnaire (SDRQ). J Pain Symptom Manag. 2021;62(4):747–56. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.02.021
  49. Eaton TL, Scheunemann LP, Butcher BW, Donovan HS, Alexander S, Iwashyna TJ. The prevalence of spiritual and social support needs and their Association with Postintensive Care syndrome symptoms among critical illness survivors seen in a Post-ICU Follow-Up clinic. Crit Care Explorations. 2022;4(4). 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1097/CCE.0000000000000676
  50. Selman L, Harding R, Gysels M, Speck P, Higginson IJ. The measurement of spirituality in palliative care and the content of tools validated cross-culturally: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2011;41(4):728–53. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.06.023
  51. Karimollahi M, Abedi H, Yousefy A. Spiritual needs as experienced by muslim patients in Iran: a qualitative study. Res J Med Sci. 2007;1(3):183–90.
  52. Karimollahi M, Abedi HA, Yousefy A. Spiritual needs as experienced by muslim patients in Iran: a qualitative study. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2008;7(1):1. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-7-1
  53. Oliveira da Silva CA, Rodrigues Cavalcanti AP, da Silva Lima K, Macêdo Cavalcanti CA, de Oliveira Valente TC, Büssing A. item response theory applied to the Spiritual needs questionnaire (SPNQ) in portuguese. Religions. 2020;11(3):139. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11030139
  54. Edelen MO, Reeve BB. Applying item response theory (IRT) modeling to questionnaire development, evaluation, and refinement. Qual Life Res. 2007;16:5–18. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-007-9198-0
  55. Creswell JW, Clark VLP. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE Publications; 2011.
  56. Zhang Y, Wildemuth B. Qualitative content analysis. In: Wildemuth B, editor. Applications of Social Research Methods to Questions in Information and Library Science Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited: The University of South Carolina at Chapel Hill; 2009. p. 308 – 19.
  57. Guba EG, Lincoln YS. Competing paradigms in qualitative research. Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA, US: Sage Publications, Inc; 1994. pp. 105–17.
  58. Büssing A, Koenig HG. Spiritual needs of patients with chronic diseases. Religions. 2010;1(1):18–27. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel1010018
  59. Zhao Y, Wang Y, Yao X, Jiang L, Hou M, Zhao Q. Reliability and validity of the chinese version of Spiritual needs questionnaire with 27 items (SpNQ-Ch-27) in cancer patients. Int J Nurs Sci. 2019;6(2):141–7.
  60. Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity. Pers Psychol. 1975;28(4):563–75. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
  61. Brown GF, Chamberlin GD. Attitudes toward quality, costs, and physician centrality in healthcare teams. J Interprof Care. 1996;10(1):63–72. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3109/13561829609082683
  62. Jones PW, Harding G, Berry P, Wiklund I, Chen WH, Kline Leidy N. Development and first validation of the COPD Assessment Test. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(3):648–54. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00102509
  63. Rattray J, Jones MC. Essential elements of questionnaire design and development. J Clin Nurs. 2007;16(2):234–43. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2006.01573.x
  64. Plichta SB, Kelvin EA. Munro’s statistical methods for health care research: Sixth edition2011. 1-567 p.
  65. Boateng GO, Neilands TB, Frongillo EA, Melgar-Quiñonez HR, Young SL. Best practices for developing and validating scales for health, social, and behavioral research: a primer. Front public health. 2018;6:149. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00149
  66. Fayers PM, Machin D. Quality of life: the assessment, analysis and interpretation of patient-reported outcomes. John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
  67. Farahani H, Roshan Chesli R. Essentials for developing and validating psychological Scales: Guide to Best Practices. Clin Psychol Personality. 2020;17(2):197–212.
  68. Hair JF Jr, Hult GTM, Ringle CM, Sarstedt M. A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (. PLS-SEM): Sage publications;; 2021. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
  69. Li C-H. Confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal data: comparing robust maximum likelihood and diagonally weighted least squares. Behav Res Methods. 2016;48(3):936–49. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0619-7
  70. Nguyen TH, Han H-R, Kim MT, Chan KS. An introduction to item response theory for patient-reported outcome measurement. The Patient-Patient-Centered Outcomes Research. 2014;7:23–35. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40271-013-0041-0
  71. Hambleton RK, Swaminathan H, Rogers HJ. Fundamentals of item response theory: Sage; 1991.
  72. Hosseini FA, Guardia J, Momennasab M, Yektatalab S, Zareiyan A, Thomson B. item response theory Analysis of the Hospitalized patients Spiritual needs Questionnaire 2020. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-37095/v1. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-37095/v1
  73. Samejima F. Estimation of latent ability using a response pattern of graded scores. Psychometrika. 1970;35(1):139. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02290599
  74. Vahedi S, World Health Organization Quality-of-Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF). Analyses of their item response theory Properties based on the graded responses Model. Iran J Psychiatry. 2010;5(4):140–53.
  75. Yang FM, Kao ST. item response theory for measurement validity. Shanghai Archives of Psychiatry. 2014;26(3):171–7.
  76. Mielenz TJ, Callahan LF, Edwards MC. item response theory analysis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Health-Related Quality of Life (CDC HRQOL) items in Adults with arthritis. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2016;14(1):43. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0444-4
  77. Prisciandaro JJ, Tolliver BK. An item response theory evaluation of the young mania rating scale and the montgomery-asberg depression rating scale in the systematic treatment enhancement program for bipolar disorder (STEP-BD). J Affect Disord. 2016;205:73–80. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.062
  78. Schultz M, Lulav-Grinwald D, Bar-Sela G. Cultural differences in spiritual care: findings of an israeli oncologic questionnaire examining patient interest in spiritual care. BMC Palliat care. 2014;13(1):1–11. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-684X-13-19
  79. Benito E, Oliver A, Galiana L, Barreto P, Pascual A, Gomis C, et al. Development and validation of a new tool for the assessment and spiritual care of palliative care patients. J Pain Symptom Manag. 2014;47(6):1008–18. e1. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.06.018
  80. Lewis LM. Spiritual assessment in African-Americans: a review of measures of spirituality used in health research. J Relig Health. 2008;47:458–75. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-007-9151-0
  81. Hermann CP, editor. Editor development and testing of the Spiritual needs inventory for patients near the end of life. Oncology nursing forum; 2006. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1188/06.ONF.737-744
  82. Yong Sr Julianna J, Kim J, Han S-S, Puchalski CM. Development and validation of a scale assessing Spiritual needs for korean patients with cancer. J Palliat Care. 2008;24(4):240–6. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/082585970802400403
  83. Shokouhi M, Abdollah Zadeh H, Mahmoudi H. Evaluation of psychometric features of Persian Version of Spiritual needs questionnaire in Cancer Patients. Relig Health. 2021;8(2):9–18.
  84. Büssing A, Balzat H-J, Heusser P. Spiritual needs of patients with chronic pain diseases and cancer-validation of the Spiritual needs questionnaire. Eur J Med Res. 2010;15(6):266. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783X-15-6-266
  85. Swihart DL, Yarrarapu SNS, Martin RL. Cultural religious competence in clinical practice. 2018.
  86. Iannello NM, Inguglia C, Silletti F, Albiero P, Cassibba R, Lo Coco A, et al. How do religiosity and spirituality associate with Health-Related outcomes of adolescents with chronic illnesses? A scoping review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(20):13172. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013172
  87. Baumeister RF, Leary MR. The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Interpers Dev. 2017:57–89. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351153683-3
  88. Beauchemin KM, Hays P. Dying in the dark: sunshine, gender and outcomes in myocardial infarction. J R Soc Med. 1998;91(7):352–4. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1177/014107689809100703
  89. Pattison HM, Robertson CE. The effect of ward design on the well-being of post-operative patients. J Adv Nurs. 1996;23(4):820–6. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1996.tb00056.x
  90. Schauer B, Koch K, Lemieux L, Willey K. How immersion in Nature Impacts the Human Spirit: a phenomenological study. Master of Arts in Holistic Health Studies Research Papers. 2016:8.
  91. Jadidi A, Khatiban M, Oshvandi K, Khodaveisi M, Maghsoudi Z, Razavi M. Transcendence, the most important spiritual need of muslim older Adults: a content analysis study. J Relig Health. 2022;61(2):1529–47. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01474-5
  92. Llanos LF, Verduzco LM. From self-transcendence to collective transcendence: in search of the Order of Hierarchies in Maslow’s transcendence. Front Psychol. 2022;13. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.787591
  93. Flotman AP. Work as meaningful and menacing phenomenon for south african middle managers during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of self-transcendence in cultivating meaning and Wellbeing. Front Psychol. 2021;12:650060. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.650060
  94. Büssing A, Balzat H-J, Heusser P. Spiritual needs of patients with chronic pain diseases and cancer-validation of the Spiritual needs questionnaire. Eur J Med Res. 2010;15(6):266–73. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783X-15-6-266
  95. Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30(4):459–67. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20199
  96. Polit DF, Yang F. Measurement and the measurement of change: a primer for the health professions. Wolters Kluwer Philadelphia; 2016.
  97. Hermann C. Development and testing of the Spiritual needs inventory for patients near the end of life. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2006;33(4):737–44. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1188/06.ONF.737-744
  98. Büssing A, Balzat H, Heusser P. Spiritual needs of patients with chronic pain diseases and cancer-validation of the Spiritual needs questionnaire. Eur J Med Res. 2010;15(6):266–73. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/2047-783X-15-6-266
  99. Büssing A, Recchia RD, Koenig H, Baumann K, Frick E. Factor structure of the Spiritual needs questionnaire (SpNQ) in persons with chronic Diseases, Elderly and healthy individuals. Religions. 2018;9(1):13. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9010013
  100. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for Testing Measurement Invariance. Struct Equation Modeling: Multidisciplinary J. 2002;9(2):233–55. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
  101. Hu Z, Lin L, Wang Y, Li J. The integration of classical testing theory and item response theory. Psychology. 2021;12(9):1397–409.
  102. Wilson M, Allen DD, Li JC. Improving measurement in health education and health behavior research using item response modeling: introducing item response modeling. Health Educ Res. 2006;21(suppl1):i4–i18. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl108
  103. Zanon C, Hutz CS, Yoo HH, Hambleton RK. An application of item response theory to psychological test development. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica. 2016;29. 🔗 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0040-x

Cite this article

Mohammed looti (2026). Hospitalized Patients’ Spiritual Needs Questionnaire. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Retrieved from https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/hospitalized-patients-spiritual-needs-questionnaire/

Mohammed looti. "Hospitalized Patients’ Spiritual Needs Questionnaire." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 14 Aug. 2026, https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/hospitalized-patients-spiritual-needs-questionnaire/.

Mohammed looti. "Hospitalized Patients’ Spiritual Needs Questionnaire." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 2026. https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/hospitalized-patients-spiritual-needs-questionnaire/.

Mohammed looti (2026) 'Hospitalized Patients’ Spiritual Needs Questionnaire', PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Available at: https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/hospitalized-patients-spiritual-needs-questionnaire/.

[1] Mohammed looti, "Hospitalized Patients’ Spiritual Needs Questionnaire," PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, vol. X, no. Y, ص Z-Z, August, 2026.

Mohammed looti. Hospitalized Patients’ Spiritual Needs Questionnaire. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. 2026;vol(issue):pages.

Related terms:

  1. Self-Management Efficacy Questionnaire among Patients with Psoriasis
  2. Lung Information Needs Questionnaire / Longziekten Informatie Behoefte Questionnaire
  3. Motivation in stroke patients for rehabilitation scale
  4. Nurses’ attitudes towards physical health care of psychiatric patients scale
  5. Self-Advocacy Scale for Patients with Stroke
  6. SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS CONCERNS QUESTIONNAIRE
  7. Spiritual Connection Questionnaire (SCQ-48)
  8. SPIRITUAL WELL-BEING QUESTIONNAIRE
  9. Manifest Needs Questionnaire
  10. Family Needs Questionnaire
× Figure
PDF
Scroll to Top