1. Showing forgiveness to someone who broke a favorite possession.
2. Thanking family members for something they have done.
3. Exclaiming over a beautiful day.
4. Showing contempt for another's actions.*
5. Expressing dissatisfaction with someone else's behavior.* 6. Praising someone for good work.*
7. Expressing anger at someone else's carelessness.*
8. Sulking over unfair treatment by a family member.*
9. Blaming one another for family troubles.* 10.Crying after an unpleasant disagreement.
11.Putting down other people's interests.*
12.Showing dislike for someone.*
13.Seeking approval for an action. 14.Expressing embarrassment over a stupid mistake.
15.Going to pieces when tension builds up.* 16.Expressing exhilaration after an unexpected triumph.
17.Expressing excitement over one's future plans.*
18.Demonstrating admiration.*
19.Expressing sorrow when a pet dies.
20.Expressing disappointment over something that didn't work out.*
21.Telling someone how nice they look.*
22.Expressing sympathy for someone's troubles.*
23.Expressing deep affection or love for someone.* 24.Quarreling with a family member.*
25.Crying when someone leaves.
26.Spontaneously hugging a family member.*
27.Expressing momentary anger over a trivial irritation.*
28.Expressing concern for the success of other family members.
29.Apologizing for being late.
30.Offering to do somebody a favor.
31.Snuggling up to a family member.*
32.Crying for being punished.
33.Trying to cheer up someone who is sad.*
34.Telling a family member how hurt you are.
35.Telling a family member how happy you are.*
36.Threatening someone.*
37.Criticizing someone for being late.
39.Surprising someone with a little gift or favor.*
40.Saying "I'm sorry" when one realizes one was wrong.
(*) indicates the item is suggested for the short scales (Halberstadt et al‚ 1995)
Positive-Dominant (PD)‚ Positive-Submissive (PS)‚ Negative-Dominant (ND)‚ and Negative-Submissive (NS)
PD = .87‚ PS = .88‚ ND = .88‚ NS = .75. Test-retest reliability coefficients for a 10-day interval were PD = .92‚ PS = .91‚ ND = .91‚ NS = .89.
1 “Not at all frequently” to 9 “Very frequently”
Positive-Dominant (1‚ 6‚ 16‚ 17‚ 18‚ 23‚ 26‚ 28‚ 33‚ 39)‚ Positive-Submissive (2‚ 3‚ 13‚ 21‚ 22‚ 30‚ 31‚ 35‚ 38‚ 40)‚ Negative-Dominant (4‚ 5‚ 7‚ 9‚ 11‚ 12‚ 24‚ 27‚ 36‚ 37)‚ and Negative-Submissive (8‚ 10‚ 14‚ 15‚ 19‚ 20‚ 25‚ 29‚ 32‚ 34)
Cooley‚ E. (1992). Family Expressiveness and Proneness to Depression among College Women. Journal of Research in Personality‚ 26‚ 281-287.
Halberstadt‚ Amy G.‚ Parke‚ R. D.‚ Cassidy‚ J.‚ Stifter‚ C. A.‚ Fox‚ N. A. (1995). Self-Expressiveness Within the Family Context: Psychometric Support for a New Measure. Psychological Assessment‚ 7(1): 93-103.
Gamer‚ P. W.‚ & Power‚ T. G. (1996). Preschoolers' Emotional Control in the Disappointment Paradigm and Its Relation to Temperament‚ Emotional. Knowledge‚ and Family Expressiveness. Child Development‚ 67‚ 1406-1419.
Pursell‚ Gwen Renae. (2002). "The effects of childhood social competence on young adults interpersonal competence in dyadic and family relations: an exploratory analysis”. University of Richmond‚ M.A. Theses.