Current Memory Betrayal Blindness Questionnaire (CM-BBQ, BBQ)

Abstract

The Current Memory Betrayal Blindness Questionnaire (CM-BBQ; Gómez, Zounlome, & Noll, 2023) was developed to assess the current memory and impact of interpersonal trauma in people of color. Following a review of relevant literature (e.g., Freyd, 1996) and incorporating feedback from informal presentations to colleagues, Gómez and Noll (2023) designed the Betrayal Blindness Questionnaires (BBQs), which consist of three distinct measures with parallel items: the Past Memory Betrayal Blindness Questionnaire (PM-BBQ), the CM-BBQ, and the Rotating Betrayal Blindness Questionnaire (R-BBQ). The resulting 18-item CM-BBQ was evaluated using a sample of emerging adults of Color with histories of trauma. Factor analysis and reliability results for these items have been reported.

Keywords

Betrayal Blindness Questionnaire; Current Memory; Influential; Not Important; People of Color; Trauma Memory; Unawareness; Wanton Disbelief

Authors

Gómez, Jennifer M.; Zounlome, Nelson O. O.; Noll, Laura K.

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Purpose

The purpose of this questionnaire is its application in both basic and applied research to enhance the examination of nonlinear changes to autobiographical memory for trauma.

Validity

No validity indicated.

Reliability

Internal Consistency: For the subscales (Influential, Wanton Disbelief, Unawareness, and Not Important), the authors found alpha coefficients of .88, .73, .79, and .78, respectively. An alpha coefficient of .66 was obtained for the overall scale.

Factor Analysis

Exploratory Factor Analysis: Based on parallel analysis, five factors were suggested for the CM-BBQ. However, the final composition of the measure was determined by: (a) factor loadings greater than .40, (b) no cross-loadings exceeding .20, (c) items that were conceptually sound as determined by the authors, and (d) internal consistency estimates greater than .65. Applying this approach, the authors retained 18 items and four subscales for the questionnaire.

Instrument: Betrayal Blindness Questionnaire (CM-BBQ)

Test Type: Original
Format: Item responses are given on a scale from 0 (Never true for me) to 3 (Always true for me), with higher scores indicating a greater current impact of trauma.
Language Available: English
Population Group: Human; Male; Female
Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Population Details: Respondents were college students of Color at a Predominantly White University in the United States.
Test Methodology: Test Reliability; Internal Consistency; Factor Analysis; Exploratory Factor Analysis

Keywords

Betrayal Blindness; Current Memory; Influential; Not Important; People of Color; Trauma Memory; Unawareness; Wanton Disbelief

Authors

Author ORCID Identifier: No data is Available
Affiliation:

• Gómez, Jennifer M.: Boston University, School of Social Work and Center for Innovation in Social Work & Health

• Zounlome, Nelson O. O.: University of Kentucky, Department of Educational, School, & Counseling Psychology

• Noll, Laura K.: Northern Arizona University, Department of Psychological Sciences

Email Addresses:

• Gómez, Jennifer M.: [email protected]

Correspondence Address:
Gómez, Jennifer M.: Boston University, 264 Bay State Road, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 02215, [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

Permissions: Contact Publisher
Fee: No
Test Year: 2023

References

Gómez, J. M., Zounlome, N. O. O., & Noll, L. K. (2023). Development and initial validation of the Betrayal Blindness Questionnaires (BBQs). Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 32(3), 449–466. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2022.2112339

Items of the Betrayal Blindness Questionnaire (CM-BBQ)

This is an 18-item scale.
Subscales: Influential; Wanton Disbelief; Unawareness; Not Important.
The specific items are available in the source reference: Table 3, Page 458.

Each item has the stem: “Think back to this same event(s) you reported. Please indicate to what extent the following statements describe your experience of that event(s) NOW . . .”

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Items

Influential
17. Now, the event(s) is often the focus of my thoughts.
18. Now, the event(s) is very important to me.
15. Now, the event(s) is all consuming.
10. Now, the event(s) is part of my identity.
6. Now, the event(s) affects my decision-making.
2. Now, I can’t stop remembering the event(s) even if I tried.

Wanton Disbelief
12. Now, there are times I believe the event(s) didn’t happen.

1. Now, part of me is aware the event(s) happened but part of me isn’t.

2. Now, if asked I would have said the event(s) didn’t happen.

3. Now, I want to believe the event(s) didn’t happen.

Unawareness
14. Now, I don’t remember the event(s) but was told it happened by someone else.
13. Now, sometimes I try to remember the event(s) but can’t.
4. Now, I try to remember the details of the event(s) but I can’t.
8. Now, sometimes I want to remember the event(s) but I can’t.

Not Important
7. Now, the event(s) is insignificant.
11. Now, the event(s) really didn’t have an effect on me.
9. Now, the event(s) is not important.
16. Now, I am consciously aware the event(s) happened but not emotionally connected to it.

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Note: Items are rated from 0=Never true for me to 3=Always true for me.