Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Latino Children (BIQ-L)

Abstract

The Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Latino Children (BIQ-L; Beck, Fernandez, & Martinez, 2023) is a culturally-relevant tool designed to assess the dietary intake of beverages among young Latino children. It covers various beverage categories, including soda, store-bought fruit-flavored drinks with added sugar, sports drinks, agua fresca, horchata, homemade lemonade, store-bought 100% fruit juice, homemade 100% fruit juice, flavored milk, and unflavored milk (with specific questions for whole, 2%, 1%, and nonfat milk). The development of the 13-item BIQ-L was informed by qualitative research with Latino immigrant parents (Martinez et al., 2014), a comprehensive literature review, and input from pediatricians and pediatric nutritionists specializing in low-income Latino immigrant populations. The questionnaire is available in both English and Spanish and was administered to parents recruited from an academically affiliated, federally qualified health center in San Francisco. Initial validity results for these items have been reported.

Keywords

Beverage Intake, Fruit Juices, Latino Children, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Culturally Specific Beverages, Developmental Measures, Drinking Behavior, Health Behavior, Latinos/Latinas, Health Behavior Measures, Child Behavior, Child Health

Authors

Beck, Amy L.; Fernandez, Alicia; Martinez, Suzanna M.

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Purpose

The primary objective of the Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Latino Children (BIQ-L) is to comprehensively assess the consumption of culturally specific beverages among young Latino children. This instrument aims to provide a culturally sensitive and accurate measure of beverage intake patterns within this specific demographic.

Validity

The BIQ-L has demonstrated strong validity. Criterion and Predictive Validity analyses revealed significant correlations between mean daily intake of various beverage categories as assessed by the BIQ-L and intake measured via three 24-hour dietary recalls. Specifically, correlations were observed for sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) (r = 0.52, P < 0.001), 100% fruit juice (r = 0.45, P < 0.001), flavored milk (r = 0.7, P < 0.001), and unflavored milk (r = 0.7, P < 0.001). Furthermore, in a multivariable model, weekly servings of SSBs were found to be significantly associated with the child’s body mass index z-score (b = 0.15, P = 0.02), indicating the instrument’s ability to predict relevant health outcomes.

Reliability

No reliability data is available.

Factor Analysis

No factor analysis data is available.

Instrument

Test Type: Original Inventory/Questionnaire

Format: For each beverage category, the questionnaire asks: “In the past 7 days, how many days did (name of child) drink (beverage category) [e.g., soda]?” This is followed by: “On the days that (name of child) drank (name of beverage category) [e.g., soda], how many ounces did they drink?”

Language Available: English; Spanish

Population Group: Human (Male; Female)

Age Group: Infancy (2-23 months), Preschool Age (2-5 years), Childhood (birth-12 years). While the study population primarily focused on children aged 1-5, the nature of the assessment aligns with childhood developmental stages.

Population Details: The study participants were parents of Latino children aged 1-5, located in the United States.

Test Methodology: The instrument utilizes Test Validity, specifically Criterion Validity and Predictive Validity, to establish its accuracy and predictive power.

Keywords

Beverage Intake, Fruit Juices, Latino Children, Sugar-Sweetened Beverages, Culturally Specific Beverages, Developmental Measures, Drinking Behavior, Health Behavior, Latinos/Latinas, Health Behavior Measures, Child Behavior, Child Health

Authors

Beck, Amy L.
Author ORCID Identifier: orcid.org/0000-0002-4567-8857
Affiliation: University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics
Email address: [email protected]
Correspondence Address: University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 550 16th St, San Francisco, California, United States, 94158

Fernandez, Alicia
Affiliation: University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine

Martinez, Suzanna M.
Affiliation: University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

Permissions: May use for Research/Teaching
Commercial: No
Fee: No
Test Year: 2023

References

Beck, A. L., Fernandez, A., & Martinez, S. M. (2023). The 7-day Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Latino children: Validation of a culturally tailored tool. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 55(8), 544–552. doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2023.05.248

Items of the Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Latino Children (BIQ-L)

The BIQ-L consists of 13 items. These items are designed to assess the child’s consumption across the following beverage categories:

• Soda

• Store-bought fruit-flavored drinks with added sugar

• Sports drinks

• Agua fresca

• Horchata (a sweetened rice-based drink)

• Homemade lemonade

• Store-bought 100% fruit juice

• Homemade 100% fruit juice

• Flavored milk

• Unflavored milk (with individual questions for whole, 2%, 1%, and nonfat milk)

The exact phrasing for each item follows the format: “In the past 7 days, how many days did (name of child) drink (beverage category)?” followed by “On the days that (name of child) drank (name of beverage category), how many ounces did they drink?”

The full text of the test items is available in the source: 2023-99326-005, Table 1, Page 546.

Beverage Intake Questionnaire for Latino Children (BIQ-L)

Items

1. Soda Consumption:

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink soda, such as Coke, Pepsi, or Sprite, not including diet soda? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank soda?

2. Store-Bought Fruit-Flavored Drinks with Added Sugar:

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink store-bought fruit-flavored drinks with added sugar such as Capri Sun, Sunny Delight, Hawaiian Punch, Kool-Aid, or lemonade? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank store-bought fruit-flavored drinks with added sugar?

3. Sports Drink Consumption:

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink a sports drink such as Gatorade? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank sports drinks?

4. Store-Bought 100% Fruit Juice Consumption (including 100% from WIC):

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink store-bought 100% fruit juice (including 100% from WIC)? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank store-bought 100% fruit juice?

5. Horchata Consumption:

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did your [name of child] drink horchata? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank horchata?

6. Agua Fresca Consumption:

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink agua fresca? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank agua fresca?

7. Homemade Freshly Squeezed Fruit Juice Consumption:

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink homemade freshly squeezed fruit juice? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank homemade freshly squeezed fruit juice?

8. Homemade Lemonade Consumption:

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink homemade lemonade? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank homemade lemonade?

9. Flavored Milk Consumption (e.g., Chocolate or Strawberry Milk):

   • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink flavored milk such as chocolate or strawberry milk? (range, 0–7)

   • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank flavored milk?

10. Plain Whole Milk Consumption:

    • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink plain whole milk? (range, 0–7)

    • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank plain whole milk?

11. Plain 2% Milk Consumption:

    • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink plain 2% milk? (range, 0–7)

    • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank plain 2% milk?

12. Plain 1% Milk Consumption:

    • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink plain 1% milk? (range, 0–7)

    • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank plain 1% milk?

13. Plain Skim (Nonfat) Milk Consumption:

    • In the past 7 days, how many days did [name of child] drink plain skim (nonfat) milk? (range, 0–7)

    • How many ounces did they drink on the days that [name of child] drank plain skim milk?

WIC indicates Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.