Table of Contents
Abstract
The Bergen social media addiction Scale (BSMAS) is a prominent psychological instrument designed to quantify problematic and compulsive engagement with social networking platforms. Originally adapted from a platform-specific measure (the Facebook Addiction Scale), this broader instrument addresses a critical conceptual shift in cyberpsychology: recognizing that users are typically addicted to the social networking activity itself rather than a single commercial platform. By capturing a generalized behavioral pattern, the scale allows researchers to assess digital addictions regardless of which specific application is currently trending.
This specific validation study focuses on adapting the BSMAS for the Italian population, ensuring its psychometric stability across a new cultural context. The adaptation process involved rigorous translation and structural testing to confirm that the core components of addiction translate accurately to Italian speakers. Furthermore, the instrument serves as a vital tool for exploring the intersection of digital behavior and interpersonal psychology, specifically how deep-seated relational patterns—such as attachment styles—might predispose individuals to compulsive online socialization.
For graduate students and researchers, the BSMAS represents a gold standard in Behavioral Addiction measurement. It moves beyond merely pathologizing high screen time, focusing instead on the functional impairment and psychological distress caused by excessive social media use. Its concise format and robust theoretical foundation make it highly suitable for large-scale epidemiological surveys and complex multivariate research designs.
📊 Psychometric Scorecard
6
Unidimensional
0.970
📍 Italy
Authors
Purpose
The primary utility of this scale lies in its ability to standardize the measurement of social media addiction across different cultural contexts. Prior to this validation, Italian researchers and clinicians lacked a psychometrically sound, localized tool to assess this modern Behavioral Addiction. By establishing a robust Italian version, the instrument bridges a significant methodological gap, enabling cross-cultural comparisons and facilitating localized clinical research.
Furthermore, the scale moves the field beyond platform-specific measures to capture general social networking behaviors. This is crucial in a rapidly evolving digital landscape where specific platforms rise and fall in popularity. The instrument provides a vital tool for investigating how underlying psychosocial vulnerabilities—such as insecure attachment styles—might drive individuals toward compulsive digital socialization, offering clinicians insights into the etiology of problematic internet use.
Construct
The BSMAS is theoretically anchored in the biopsychosocial model of addiction, which posits that behavioral addictions share core clinical features with substance use disorders. The construct encompasses six fundamental dimensions: salience (cognitive and behavioral preoccupation with social media), mood modification (using the behavior to cope or achieve an emotional shift), tolerance (needing increasing amounts of time online to achieve the same effect), withdrawal (distress when access is restricted), conflict (interpersonal or occupational impairment), and relapse (unsuccessful attempts to cut back).
In the context of this research, the construct of social media addiction is also examined through the lens of attachment theory. The theoretical framework suggests that an individual's internal working models of relationships influence their digital behaviors. For instance, individuals with anxious attachment styles may utilize social media compulsively to seek reassurance and monitor relationships, while those with avoidant styles might use it to maintain social distance. The scale effectively captures the behavioral manifestation of these underlying psychological needs.
Validity
To establish construct validity, the researchers employed confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using a robust maximum likelihood estimation method. The analysis supported a unidimensional structure, indicating that all items load onto a single overarching latent trait of social media addiction. The model demonstrated strong fit to the data, evidenced by a Comparative Fit Index (CFI) of 0.97 and a Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR) of 0.03, though the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) was slightly elevated at 0.094.
Crucially, the researchers also established Measurement invariance across both age and gender. By testing configural, metric, and strict invariance, they demonstrated that the scale functions equivalently for males, females, Adolescents, and young Adults. This is a vital psychometric property, as it ensures that any observed group differences in social media addiction scores reflect true variations in the underlying trait rather than measurement bias or differential item functioning.
Reliability
Rather than relying solely on traditional Cronbach's alpha, the psychometric evaluation utilized a more sophisticated suite of reliability indicators to ensure the scale's precision. The researchers examined the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) to verify that the items shared a sufficient proportion of variance with the underlying construct, with values exceeding the standard 0.50 threshold indicating adequate convergence.
Additionally, the study calculated the Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) to quantify the precision of the observed scores and the expected fluctuation due to measurement error. Finally, the factor determinacy coefficient was evaluated to confirm that the estimated factor scores were highly correlated with the true latent trait. High determinacy values demonstrate that the scale provides a stable, precise, and reliable measurement of the addiction construct, making the observed scores suitable substitutes for the latent factor in clinical and research settings.
Factor Analysis
The structural evaluation of the instrument relied on confirmatory factor analysis, specifically utilizing the mean- and variance-adjusted maximum likelihood (MLMV) estimator. This specific analytical approach was chosen because it is highly robust to potential non-normality in the response distributions, a common issue in clinical and addiction screening tools where responses may be skewed. The analysis confirmed that a single-factor model adequately captures the variance among the items, aligning perfectly with the theoretical conceptualization of social media addiction as a cohesive, singular syndrome.
To ensure the scale's utility in comparative research, rigorous multigroup analyses were conducted. The establishment of configural, metric, and strict invariance across age groups confirms that the number of factors, the factor loadings, and the item intercepts remain consistent whether assessing a teenager or a young adult. This structural stability is essential for longitudinal studies tracking the developmental trajectory of social media addiction.
Instrument
| Test Type | Self-report questionnaire |
| Format | 6 items |
| Scoring | Total score calculated by summing the items |
| Language | Italian |
| Population | Adolescents, Adults, College students |
| Age Group | 16-40 years |
| Administration | Self-administered |
| Completion Time | 15 minutes (for the entire survey battery) |
Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale Items
Items are currently not available
The individual items of this scale are not publicly available. Researchers interested in using this instrument should contact the original authors directly to request the scale materials.
Sample
The sample consisted of 734 Italian participants (415 males, 319 females) aged 16 to 40 years (mean age = 21.63, SD = 3.95). The sample was divided into Adolescents (aged 16-19, n = 270) and young Adults (aged over 20, n = 464). Participants were recruited via convenience sampling from Italian schools and universities.
Cite This Paper
Lucia Monacis, Valeria de Palo, Mark D. Griffiths, Maria Sinatra (2017). Bergen social media addiction Scale. Journal of Behavioral Addictions. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.023
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Cite this article
Mohammed looti (2026). Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Retrieved from https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/bergen-social-media-addiction-scale/
Mohammed looti. "Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 14 Aug. 2026, https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/bergen-social-media-addiction-scale/.
Mohammed looti. "Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 2026. https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/bergen-social-media-addiction-scale/.
Mohammed looti (2026) 'Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale', PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Available at: https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/bergen-social-media-addiction-scale/.
[1] Mohammed looti, "Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale," PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, vol. X, no. Y, ص Z-Z, August, 2026.
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