Augmented Reality Intention–Measurement Model Questionnaire

Abstract

The Augmented Reality Intention—Measurement Model (Saleem et al., 2023) was developed to assess the influence of augmented reality apps on intentions toward e-learning. This instrument was designed for a study conducted with a sample of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan. The current six constructs were evaluated in this sample using a total of 18 items adapted from previous sources (e.g., Childers et al., 2001), and based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985). Factor analysis, reliability, and validity results were reported for these items.

Keywords

Theory of Planned Behavior; Measurement Model; Augmented Reality-Hedonic Value; Augmented Reality-Utilitarian Value; Attitude; Subjective Norms; Perceived Behavioral Control; Intention Towards E-Learning; Augmented Reality Apps; College Students; Virtual Classrooms

Authors

Saleem, Muhammad; Kamarudin, Suzilawati; Shoaib, Haneen Mohammad; Nasar, Asim

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Purpose

The purpose of this measurement model is to investigate university students’ intention towards e-learning through augmented reality apps.

Validity

Convergent Validity: Average variance extracted (AVE) values for all constructs ranged from 0.636–0.819, which is above the acceptance level of 0.5. Composite reliability (CR) values for all constructs ranged from 0.680–0.913, exceeding the acceptance level of 0.6.

Discriminant Validity: Discriminant validity was established by ensuring that the square root of the AVE was higher than the correlation between constructs (Hair et al., 2014, 2010).

Reliability

Internal Consistency: Cronbach’s alpha values ranged from 0.702–0.885 for all constructs, which is above the widely accepted level of 0.7.

Factor Analysis

Confirmatory Factor Analysis: Item loadings for all constructs were above the criterion threshold value of 0.7. The Augmented reality construct was treated as a higher-order construct, indicating loadings of 0.981 for utilitarian value and 0.980 for hedonic value.

Instrument

Test Type: Original Inventory/Questionnaire

Format: Five-point Likert scales are used for all 18 items, ranging from 5 (extremely likely) to 1 (extremely unlikely).

Language Available: English

Population Group: Human; Male; Female

Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older)

Population Details: Respondents were university students in Pakistan.

Test Methodology: The methodology involved Test Validity, Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, Test Reliability, Internal Consistency, Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis, and Measurement Model.

Keywords

Augmented Reality Apps; E-Learning Attitudes; College Students; Educational Measures; Student Attitudes; Virtual Classrooms; Reasoned Action; Electronic Learning; Measurement Models; Human Computer Interaction Measures; Augmented Reality; Technology Acceptance.

Authors

Author ORCID Identifier:

• Saleem, Muhammad: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0325-217X

• Nasar, Asim: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0053-2595

Affiliation:

• Saleem, Muhammad: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Azman Hashim International Business School

• Kamarudin, Suzilawati: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Azman Hashim International Business School

• Shoaib, Haneen Mohammad: College of Business Administration, University of Business and Technology

• Nasar, Asim: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Azman Hashim International Business School

Email addresses:

• Saleem, Muhammad: [email protected]

Correspondence Address:

• Saleem, Muhammad: Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Azman Hashim International Business School, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 54100, [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

Permissions: Contact Publisher

Fee: No

Test Year: 2023

References

Saleem, M., Kamarudin, S., Shoaib, H. M., & Nasar, A. (2023). Influence of augmented reality app on intention towards e-learning amidst COVID-19 pandemic. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(5), 3083–3097. doi:10.1080/10494820.2021.1919147

Items of the Augmented Reality Intention–Measurement Model

The Augmented Reality Intention–Measurement Model consists of 18 items, structured into six subscales:

• Augmented reality-Hedonic value

• Augmented reality-Utilitarian value

• Attitude

• Subjective norms

• Perceived behavioral control

• Intention towards e-learning

The specific items are available. No data is Available.

Augmented Reality

AR: Utilitarian Value

• UVL1. Using this augmented reality app improves my performance in evaluating the coursework during e-learning.

• UVL2. I find this augmented reality app to be useful for e-learning.

• UVL3. Using this augmented reality app enhances my effectiveness in e-learning.

AR: Hedonic Value

• HVL1. The e-learning experience with this augmented reality app makes me feel good.

• HVL2. The e-learning experience with this augmented reality app is exciting.

• HVL3. The e-learning experience with this augmented reality app is enjoyable.

Attitude

• ATU1. I would like my e-learning more if I used this augmented reality app.

• ATU2. Using this augmented reality app in my e-learning would be a pleasant experience.

• ATU3. Using this augmented reality app in my e-learning is a wise idea.

Subjective Norm

• SN1. Most people who are important to me think it would be sufficient to use this augmented reality app for e-learning.

• SN2. I think other students in my classes would be willing to adapt this augmented reality app for e-learning.

• SN3. Most people who are important to me would favour using this augmented reality app for e-learning.

Perceived Behavioural Control

• BC1. I have a sufficient extent of knowledge to use this augmented reality app for e-learning.

• BC2. I have a sufficient extent of control to adopt this augmented reality app for e-learning.

• BC3. I have sufficient self-confidence to decide to adopt this augmented reality app for e-learning.

Intention Towards e-Learning

• INT1. I predict I would use augmented reality apps for my e-learning.

• INT2. I plan to use augmented reality apps for e-learning in the future.

• INT3. I intend to adopt augmented reality apps for e-learning.

Note: Items are rated from 5=extremely likely to 1=extremely unlikely.