Affinity and Animosity in Solidarity with Ukraine and Hospitality Outcomes–Model Questionnaire

Abstract

The Affinity and Animosity in Solidarity with Ukraine and Hospitality Outcomes—Model (Josiassen et al., 2023) was developed to explore solidarity as a crucial factor in comprehending the conflict and its implications for the hospitality industry. Specifically, this study investigates whether solidarity with Ukraine is driven by affinity toward Ukraine or animosity toward Russia. The proposed items were either newly developed or adapted from existing research (Josiassen, Kock, & Assaf, 2022). The measure was administered to a sample of Amazon Mechanical Turk participants in the US and evaluated using structural equation modeling. The study reported results concerning reliability and validity.

Keywords

Place Solidarity, Affinity, Animosity, Philantourism, Rejection of Russian-Accepting Hotels

Authors

Josiassen, Alexander; Kock, Florian; Assaf, A. George; Berbekova, Adiyukh

Purpose

The purpose of this measurement model is to assess the role of affinity and animosity on solidarity with Ukraine and hospitality outcomes.

Validity

Convergent and Discriminant Validity: In support of convergent validity, all Average Variance Extracted (AVEs) were equal to or above 0.52. Applying the heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio of correlations method to test for discriminant validity, the highest correlation ratio for all variable pairs was 0.74, which was below the strict threshold for assessing discriminant validity (Kline, 2011). Thus, discriminant validity was supported.

Reliability

Internal Consistency: Composite Reliability (CR) values were above 0.69 among the constructs.

Factor Analysis

No factor analysis indicated.

Instrument

Test Type: Original Inventory/Questionnaire
Format: Inventory/Questionnaire
Language Available: English
Population Group: Human (Male, Female)
Age Group: Adulthood (18 years and older)
Population Details: Respondents were Amazon Mechanical Turk participants located in the United States.
Test Methodology: The methodology included Test Validity, Convergent Validity, Discriminant Validity, Test Reliability, Internal Consistency, Measurement Model, and Structural Equation Modeling.

Authors Including

Author ORCID Identifier:
Berbekova, Adiyukh: orcid.org/0000-0002-5835-6005

Affiliation Email Addresses:
Josiassen, Alexander: [email protected] (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Marketing)
Kock, Florian: [email protected] (Copenhagen Business School, Department of Marketing)
Assaf, A. George: [email protected] (University of Massachusetts, Isenberg School of Management, Department of Hospitality and Tourism Management)
Berbekova, Adiyukh: [email protected] (University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Shidler College of Business, School of Travel Industry Management)

Correspondence Address:
Berbekova, Adiyukh: University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Shidler College of Business, School of Travel Industry Management, 2560 Campus Road, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, 96822, [email protected]

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

Permissions: May use for Research/Teaching
Fee: No
Test Year: 2023

References

Josiassen, A., Kock, F., Assaf, A. G., & Berbekova, A. (2023). The role of affinity and animosity on solidarity with Ukraine and hospitality outcomes. Tourism Management, 96, 1–10. doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104712

Items of the Affinity and Animosity in Solidarity with Ukraine and Hospitality Outcomes—Model

This is a 29-item measure.
Constructs: Place solidarity; Affinity; Animosity; Philantourism; Rejection of Russian-accepting hotels.
Test Items Available: Yes
Test Location: 2023-41880-001, Table 2, Page 5

Constructs/Items

Place Solidarity (Josiassen, Kock, & Assaf, 2022)

1. We should support the suffering [place] financially.

2. I have a feeling of solidarity with [place].

3. Each of us can play a positive role in alleviating the consequences of [cause] in [place].

4. We should unite with [place] in the face of [cause].

5. It is our common responsibility to help [place].

6. [Place] is having a hard time, which was not self-inflicted; hence, we should help.

7. We should show solidarity with [place].

8. I want to show my commitment to help [place].

Affinity (Josiassen, Kock, & Nærfelt, 2022)

Sympathy

1. Like.

2. Fondness.

3. Friendliness.

4. Kindness.

Admiration

1. Captivation.

2. Fascination.

3. Awe.

Attachment

1. Connected.

2. Close.

3. Committed.

4. Share.

Animosity (Josiassen, Kock, & Nærfelt, 2022)

Contending

1. Mad.

2. Irritated.

3. Annoyed.

4. Upset.

Accommodating

1. Worried.

2. Scared.

3. Anxious.

4. Concerned.

Philantourism (newly developed)

1. I am willing to rent an AirBnB in Ukraine and not make use of it just to offer financial support.

Rejection of Russian-accepting hotels (newly developed)

1. When traveling, I do not want to stay in a hotel where there are Russian tourists.