Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) Chinese Version

Description

Forgiveness has long been a revered concept across various religions, philosophies, and cultures. Most religions, whether Western or Eastern, regard forgiveness as one of their core tenets. For example, Christianity emphasizes that one should forgive others as Christ forgave humanity’s sins, including forgiving one’s enemies. Buddhism teaches followers to endure humiliation and forgive, displaying tolerance for the faults of others. Many philosophers and ethicists promote forgiveness as a virtue. Western philosophers praise forgiveness as a fundamental spirit, with figures like Aristotle’s virtue ethics and modern ethicists such as Derrida and Spivak discussing the significant importance of forgiveness as a virtue. In traditional Chinese culture, Confucianism presents the concept of “forgive others and forgive oneself,” encouraging empathy (“推己及人”) and not seeking retribution (“犯而不校”), which becomes a moral standard for interpersonal relationships in Chinese society.

Authors and Contact Email

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Purpose

This research investigates the concept of forgiveness from multiple perspectives, including its definitions, historical context, and its significance in contemporary society, particularly focusing on the attitudes of university students towards forgiveness.

Test Year

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Administration Method and Scoring

The Heartland Forgiveness Scale (HFS) is designed to measure tendencies towards forgiving others and oneself across two dimensions, consisting of 24 items scored on a 7-point Likert scale (1 = completely disagree; 7 = completely agree). The items aim to assess individuals’ capacities for forgiveness in their interpersonal relationships and toward themselves.

Reliability and Validity

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Factors and Subscales

– 宽恕他人 (Forgive Others)
– 宽恕自己 (Forgive Oneself)

Keywords

Forgiveness, Virtue, Psychology, Interpersonal Relationships, University Students

Items in Chinese

1. 大多数时候，我能原谅别人所犯的错误。
2. 我常对自己做过的错事耿耿于怀。
3. 我们应该努力忘记别人对我们的伤害。
4. 我很难原谅自己所犯的错误。
5. 我对那些曾经伤害过我的人始终心怀怨恨。
6. 我经常为曾经说过的错话或做过的错事自责不已。
7. 我很容易就能忘却别人对我的伤害。
8. 我对自己很苛刻。
9. 我无法忘却别人带给我的伤痛。
10. 我有一种莫名其妙的罪恶感。
11. 我希望伤害过我的人得到报应。
12. 我从不斤斤计较自己所犯的错误。
13. 我从不自我责备。
14. 我不会对那些曾经伤害过我的人心存偏见。
15. 从过去的失误中吸取教训可以使我不断提高。
16. 我最终会原谅那些曾经伤害过我的人。
17. 大多数时候，我能宽恕自己。
18. 我总想着要报复曾经伤害过我的人。
19. 我能很好地接纳自己。
20. 当有人伤害了我的时候，我的办法就是宽容和忘却。
21. 我能坦然面对自己所犯的错误。
22. 我憎恶伤害过我的人。
23. 我对自己的过错持宽容态度。
24. 许多人让人无法容忍。

Items in English

1. Most of the time, I can forgive others for their mistakes.
2. I often dwell on the wrongs I have done.
3. We should strive to forget the harm others have done to us.
4. I find it difficult to forgive myself for my mistakes.
5. I always harbor resentment toward those who have hurt me.
6. I often feel guilty for the wrong things I have said or done.
7. I can easily forget the harm others have done to me.
8. I am very harsh on myself.
9. I cannot forget the pain others have caused me.
10. I have an inexplicable sense of guilt.
11. I hope those who have hurt me get punished.
12. I never nitpick the mistakes I have made.
13. I never blame myself.
14. I do not hold grudges against those who have hurt me.
15. Learning from past mistakes continues to improve me.
16. I will ultimately forgive those who have hurt me.
17. Most of the time, I can forgive myself.
18. I constantly think about taking revenge on those who have hurt me.
19. I can accept myself very well.
20. When someone has hurt me, my way is to be tolerant and forget.
21. I can face my mistakes calmly.
22. I despise those who have hurt me.
23. I hold a forgiving attitude toward my own mistakes.
24. Many people are intolerable.

References

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