Never | Almost Never | Sometime | Fairly Often | Very Often | |
1. In the last month‚ how often have you felt that you were unable to control the important things in your life? | |||||
2. In the last month‚ how often have you felt that things were going your way? | |||||
3. In the last month‚ how often have you felt confident about your ability to handle your personal problems? | |||||
4. In the last month‚ how often have you felt difficulties were piling up so high that you could not overcome them? |
Cohen‚ S.‚ & Williamson‚ G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States. In S. Spacapam & S. Oskamp (Eds.)‚ The social psychology of health: Claremont Symposium on applied social psychology. Newbury Park‚ CA: Sage. Link to full-text (pdf)
Cite this article
mohammad looti (2026). PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (PSS4). PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Retrieved from https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/perceived-stress-scale-pss4/
mohammad looti. "PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (PSS4)." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 19 Apr. 2026, https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/perceived-stress-scale-pss4/.
mohammad looti. "PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (PSS4)." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 2026. https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/perceived-stress-scale-pss4/.
mohammad looti (2026) 'PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (PSS4)', PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Available at: https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/perceived-stress-scale-pss4/.
[1] mohammad looti, "PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (PSS4)," PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, vol. X, no. Y, ص Z-Z, April, 2026.
mohammad looti. PERCEIVED STRESS SCALE (PSS4). PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. 2026;vol(issue):pages.