Entrepreneurial Alertness and Opportunity Recognition in the Context of Institutional Voids-Model Questionnaire

Abstract

The Entrepreneurial Alertness and Opportunity Recognition in the Context of Institutional Voids–Model, as detailed by Franczak, Lanivich, & Adomako in 2023, was formulated for a study driven by the necessity to deepen the understanding of entrepreneurship’s function within emerging economies (Bullough et al., 2022). This research was also inspired by the significant impact that female-led entrepreneurship has on the economic development of a nation (Anderson et al., 2021; Brush et al., 2009; Dheer et al., 2019; Jennings & Brush, 2013; Kelley et al., 2016). Additionally, recent discussions and calls for research within institutional and entrepreneurship literature provided further impetus for the development of this measure. The items proposed for the model were adapted from prior research conducted by Tang et al. (2012), Kim & Cavusgil (2020), and Santangelo & Meyer (2011). To validate the model, data were gathered from a sample of entrepreneurs located in Ghana. The study reported findings related to the model’s factor structure, reliability, and validity.

Keywords

Institutional Voids; Entrepreneurial Alertness; Opportunity Recognition; Gender Disparity

Authors

Franczak, Jennifer; Lanivich, Stephen E.; Adomako, Samuel

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Purpose

The objective of this measurement model is to evaluate the influence of institutional voids and gender as conditional factors on the relationship that exists between entrepreneurial alertness and the recognition of opportunities within the context of an emerging economy.

Construct

Entrepreneurial Alertness; Institutional Voids; Opportunity Recognition

Validity

Evidence for convergent and discriminant validity was established. The results confirmed the convergent validity of the measures, demonstrating that the factor loadings for each construct were significant at a p-value of less than 0.01 (Bagozzi & Yi, 1988). Discriminant validity was presumed to be established because the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for each construct was found to be greater than the squared correlations between the constructs.

Reliability

Internal consistency was assessed for the constructs. Both Cronbach’s alpha and Composite Reliability (CR) values were reported to be above the 0.8 threshold for all constructs, indicating strong internal consistency.

Factor Analysis

A common method variance analysis was conducted. The correlation between the designated marker variable and the other variables within the research model ranged from -0.01 to 0.02. The analysis also confirmed that the observed relationships remained significant even after controlling for the first unrotated factor identified through an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). The results from these tests indicated that common method variance was not a significant issue in the study.

A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was also performed. The CFA results showed that the full measurement model (RMSEA = 0.05, CFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.96, SRMR = 0.07) provided a substantially better fit to the data compared to a single-factor model (RMSEA = 0.08, CFI = 0.56, TLI = 0.50, SRMR = 0.13).

Instrument

• Test Type: Original Inventory/Questionnaire

• Format: Items are assessed using a 7-point, Likert-type scale.

• Language Available: English

• Population Group: Human; Male; Female

• Age Group: Mean Age 48.04 Years

• Population Details: The respondents were entrepreneurs located in Ghana.

• Test Methodology: The study employed several methods to ensure the instrument’s robustness, including Test Validity; Convergent Validity; Discriminant Validity; Test Reliability; Internal Consistency; Factor Analysis; Confirmatory Factor Analysis; and Measurement Model assessment.

Keywords

Employee Attitudes; Employee Characteristics; Entrepreneurship; Human Sex Differences; Organizational Effectiveness; Organizational and Occupational Measures

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Authors

• Franczak, Jennifer

  • Author ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6326-3831

  • Affiliation: Pepperdine University

  • Email Address: [email protected]

  • Correspondence Address: Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, California, United States, 90263, [email protected]

• Lanivich, Stephen E.

  • Author ORCID Identifier: No data is Available

  • Affiliation: University of Memphis

  • Email Address: [email protected]

  • Correspondence Address: No data is Available

• Adomako, Samuel

  • Author ORCID Identifier: No data is Available

  • Affiliation: University of Birmingham

  • Email Address: [email protected]

  • Correspondence Address: No data is Available

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

• Permissions: May be used for Research/Teaching purposes.

• Commercial: No

• Fee: No

• Test Year: 2023

Reference’s

Franczak, J., Lanivich, S. E., & Adomako, S. (2023). Filling institutional voids: Combinative effects of institutional shortcomings and gender on the alertness—Opportunity recognition relationship. Journal of Business Research, 155(Part B), Article 113444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113444

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Items of the Entrepreneurial Alertness and Opportunity Recognition in the Context of Institutional Voids–Model

The test includes 21 items. The items for this measure are available in the original publication: Franczak, J., Lanivich, S. E., & Adomako, S. (2023), Table 1, Page 6.

Institutional voids

Entrepreneurial alertness

Opportunity recognition

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Note. Items are rated using a seven-point, Likert-type scale (1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree).
r = reverse coded.