Emigration Attitudes Scale (EAS)

Abstract

The Emigration Attitudes Scale (EAS), as detailed by Bakalova & Panchelieva in 2023, was created as part of a larger research initiative. This study aimed to explore the extent to which risk propensity, as a stable personality trait, could predict the emigration attitudes of young Bulgarians, while also considering the generational differences between Millennials and Zoomers. The development of the EAS was grounded in comprehensive literature reviews and the qualitative analysis of data derived from semi-structured calendar interviews. These interviews were conducted between June and November 2020 with young Bulgarian men and women, aged 18 to 35, from a variety of settings including large cities, medium-sized towns, and small villages across Bulgaria. All items formulated for the scale underwent a rigorous back-translation process, executed by the authors and validated by two independent experts. The final version, comprising 5 items, was then administered to a sample of young Bulgarians within the 18–35 age range. Subsequent factor analysis confirmed the presence of a single, unified factor, which was termed “emigration attitudes.” The study also provided results supporting the scale’s reliability and validity.

Keywords

Emigration Attitudes, External Validity, Millennials, Zoomers, Attitude Measures, Immigration, Emerging Adulthood

Authors

Bakalova, Diana; Panchelieva, Tsvetelina

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Purpose

The Emigration Attitudes Scale (EAS) is designed to evaluate the attitudes toward emigration held by young Bulgarians, specifically those belonging to the Millennial and Zoomer generations.

Construct

The primary construct measured by this instrument is Emigration Attitudes.

Validity

Evidence for the scale’s external and convergent validity was established through its findings. The research indicated that risk propensity, particularly within the social risk domain, serves as a significant predictor of emigration attitudes among the young Bulgarian population. This predictive power was observed to be even more pronounced for Millennials compared to Zoomers. A direct positive relationship was identified, wherein a higher propensity for risk-taking correlated with more favorable attitudes toward emigration.

Reliability

The internal consistency of the scale was assessed and found to be high, with a reported Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of .86.

Factor Analysis

A Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was conducted on the scale’s items. The analysis revealed that a single extracted factor, labeled “emigration attitudes,” accounted for a substantial portion of the variance, with cumulative loadings of 64.65%.

Instrument

• Test Type: This is an original rating scale.

• Format: The instrument consists of 5 items. Responses are captured using a 5-point Likert-type scale, where 1 indicates “strongly disagree” and 5 indicates “strongly agree.” The administration is conducted electronically.

• Language Available: The scale is available in both English and Bulgarian.

• Population Group: The instrument is intended for use with human populations, including both males and females.

• Age Group: It is designed for adults aged 18 years and older, with a specific focus on Young Adulthood (18-29 years) and the Thirties (30-39 years).

• Population Details: The scale was developed and validated using a sample of young adults between the ages of 18 and 35, who were located in Bulgaria.

• Test Methodology: The development and validation of the instrument involved procedures for establishing Test Validity, Convergent Validity, Test Reliability, Internal Consistency, Factor Analysis, and Principal Component Analysis.

Keywords

Emigration Attitudes, External Validity, Millennials, Zoomers

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Authors including Author ocrid Identifier and Affiliation Email addresses Correspondence Address

• Diana Bakalova

  • ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3366-6402

  • Affiliation: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Population and Human Studies, Department of Psychology

  • Email Address: [email protected]

  • Correspondence Address: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Population and Human Studies, Department of Psychology, Ul. Akad. Georgi Bonchev 6, Sofia, Bulgaria, 1113

• Tsvetelina Panchelieva

  • ORCID Identifier: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8846-6483

  • Affiliation: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Population and Human Studies, Department of Psychology

  • Email Address: No data is Available

  • Correspondence Address: No data is Available

Permissions & Fee and Test Year

• Permissions: To use this scale, interested parties should contact the corresponding author, Diana Bakalova.

• Commercial Use: The instrument is not available for commercial use.

• Fee: There is no fee required to use this scale.

• Test Year: 2023

reference’s

Bakalova, D., & Panchelieva, T. (2023). Risk propensity as a personality antecedent of emigration attitudes among Bulgarian Millennials and Zoomers. European Journal of Psychology Open, 82(2), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1024/2673-8627/a000037

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Items of the Emigration Attitudes Scale (EAS)

No data is Available