You can use the following functions to calculate combinations and permutations in R:

#calculate total combinations of size r from n total objects
choose(n, r)

#calculate total permutations of size r from n total objectschoose(n, r) * factorial(r)

The following examples show how to use each of these functions in practice.

Example 1: Calculate Total Combinations

Combinations represent ways of selecting a sample from a group of objects in which the order of the objects does not matter.

For example, suppose we have a bag of four marbles: red, blue, green, and yellow. Suppose we’d like to select two marbles randomly from the bag, without replacement.

Here are the different combinations of marbles we could select:

• {red, blue}
• {red, green}
• {red, yellow}
• {blue, green}
• {blue, yellow}
• {green, yellow}

There are 6 total combinations.

Here is how to calculate the total number of combinations in R:

#calculate total combinations of size 2 from 4 total objects
choose(4, 2)

[1] 6

Our answer matches the number of combinations that we calculated by hand.

Example 2: Calculate Total Permutations

Permutations represent ways of selecting a sample from a group of objects in which the order of the objects does matter.

For example, suppose we have a bag of four marbles: red, blue, green, and yellow.

Suppose we’d like to select two marbles randomly from the bag, without replacement.

Here are the different permutations of marbles we could select:

• {red, blue}, {blue, red}
• {red, green}, {green, red}
• {red, yellow}, {yellow, red}
• {blue, green}, {green, blue}
• {blue, yellow}, {yellow, blue}
• {green, yellow}, {yellow, green}

There are 12 total permutations.

Here is how to calculate the total number of permutations in R:

#calculate total permutations of size 2 from 4 total objects
choose(4, 2) * factorial(2)

[1] 12

Our answer matches the number of permutations that we calculated by hand.

How to Replicate Rows in Data Frame in R