Table of Contents
Abstract
The Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model (Cahigas et al., 2023) was developed to identify the factors affecting continuous visiting behavior to Palawan’s (Philippines) travel accommodations. This instrument was designed for a study conducted with a sample of Filipino participants who visited the current location. The nine constructs of the measurement model were evaluated in this sample using 30 items adapted from previous sources (e.g., El-Adly, 2018; Al-Refaie, 2014). Factor analysis, reliability, and validity results were reported for these items.
Keywords
Attitude of Employees; Confirmation; Continuous Visiting Behavior; Interactive Uncertainty; Measurement Model; Perceived Performance; Physical Environment; Price Acceptance; Service Experience; Tourist Satisfaction; Consumer Behavior; Consumer Satisfaction; Tourism; Behavioral Intention; Consumer Measures; Tourist Behavior.
Authors
Cahigas, Maela Madel L.; Prasetyo, Yogi Tri; Nadlifatin, Reny; Persada, Satria Fadil; Gumasing, Ma. Janice J.
Purpose
The purpose of this measurement model is to assess the determinants of tourist satisfaction with travel accommodations.
Validity
Convergent Validity: The average variance extracted (AVE) of interactive uncertainty (IU), perceived performance (PP), attitude of employees (AE), service experience (SE), price acceptance (PA), tourist satisfaction (TS), and continuous visiting behavior (CVB) passed the suggested value of 0.50. However, the AVE of confirmation (C) and physical environment (PE) fell below 0.50. This instance occurred due to the constructs’ respective factor loadings, which had high proximity to the minimum value of 0.50. Nonetheless, Fornell & Larcker (1981) indicated that the convergent validity of constructs is acceptable despite not attaining a minimum value of AVE if the Cronbach’s Reliability (CR) is at least 0.60.
Discriminant Validity: The discriminant validity of the nine latent variables was supported by comparing constructs’ variances, as well as the Heterotrait-monotrait (HTMT) ratio.
Reliability
Internal Consistency: Cronbach’s alphas ranged from .73 to .91.
Factor Analysis
Confirmatory Factor Analysis: After item and construct removal, factor loadings associated with each measure passed the minimum cut-off of 0.50.
Instrument: Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model
Test Type: Original
Instrument Type: Inventory/Questionnaire
Construct: Tourist Behavior
Format: Items are rated on a 5-point scale.
Language Available: English
Population Group: Human; Male; Female
Age Group: Adulthood (18 yrs & older)
Population Details:
Location: Philippines
Respondents: Filipino Adult Participants
Test Methodology: Test Validity; Convergent Validity; Discriminant Validity; Test Reliability; Internal Consistency; Factor Analysis; Confirmatory Factor Analysis; Measurement Model
Keywords
Attitude of Employees; Confirmation; Continuous Visiting Behavior; Interactive Uncertainty; Measurement Model; Perceived Performance; Physical Environment; Price Acceptance; Service Experience; Tourist Satisfaction.
Authors
Author ORCID Identifier:
Prasetyo, Yogi Tri: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3535-9657
Affiliation:
Cahigas, Maela Madel L.: School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapua University
Prasetyo, Yogi Tri: International Bachelor Program in Engineering, Yuan Ze University
Nadlifatin, Reny: Department of Information Systems, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS Sukolilo
Persada, Satria Fadil: Entrepreneurship Department, BINUS Business School Undergraduate Program, Bina Nusantara University
Gumasing, Ma. Janice J.: School of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management, Mapua University
Email addresses:
Prasetyo, Yogi Tri: [email protected]
Correspondence Address:
Prasetyo, Yogi Tri: [email protected]
Permissions & Fee and Test Year
Permissions: May use for Research/Teaching.
Commercial Use: No
Fee: No
Test Year: 2023
Web Site: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en
References
Cahigas, M. M. L., Prasetyo, Y. T., Nadlifatin, R., Persada, S. F., & Gumasing, M. J. J. (2023). Determinants of continuous visiting behavior to Palawan, Philippines: Integrating Uncertainty Reduction Theory and Expectation Confirmation Theory. PLoS ONE, 18(10), Article e0291694. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0291694
Items of the Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model
Number of items: This measure consists of 30 items.
Test Items Available: Yes
Test Location: 2024-16098-001, Table 2, Pages 10-11
Factors and Subscales:
Interactive Uncertainty
Perceived Performance
Confirmation
Physical Environment
Attitude of Employees
Service Experience
Price Acceptance
Tourist Satisfaction
Continuous Visiting Behavior.
Continuous Visiting Behavior—Measurement Model
Items
| Construct | Item | Measure | Reference |
| Passive Uncertainty | PU1 | Information on travel accommodation’s social media websites was helpful. | Lee et al. [13] |
| PU2 | Online reviews posted by travel accommodation guests affect my decision. | Lee et al. [13] | |
| PU3 | I often look on the internet to help me decide before booking the travel accommodation. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| PU4 | Social media sites provide useful information about travel accommodation. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| Interactive Uncertainty | IU1 | I usually ask my friends and family about their recommended travel accommodation every time I go on vacation. | Chen et al. [33] |
| IU2 | My decision in booking travel accommodation depends on friends’ and family’s feedback. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| IU3 | I often recall past recommendations from friends and family when booking travel accommodation. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| IU4 | I usually let other people decide for me though I ask others for recommendations. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| Perceived Performance | PP1 | I feel that the travel accommodation’s reputation is generally reliable based on online reviews. | Chen et al. [33] |
| PP2 | I feel that the travel accommodation will meet my expectation based on friends’ and family’s feedback. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| PP3 | I feel that the information I gathered about the travel accommodation is trustworthy. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| PP4 | I feel that I will be satisfied with my choice of travel accommodation. | Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| Confirmation | C1 | The travel accommodation kept promises and commitment to the services they offered. | Chen et al. [33] |
| C2 | The travel accommodation laid out important information about their amenities. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| C3 | The travel accommodation provided accurate visual representations. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| C4 | I always get a remarkable experience every time I visit the travel accommodation. | Chen et al. [33] | |
| Physical Environment | PE1 | I expect the travel accommodation’s room size to be adequate. | Nunkoo et al. [27] |
| PE2 | I expect the travel accommodation’s interior design to be aesthetically pleasing. | Lee et al. [13]; Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| PE3 | I expect the travel accommodation to be clean. | Lee et al. [13]; Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| PE4 | I expect the travel accommodation’s bed, mattress, and pillow to be comfortable. | Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| PE5 | I expect the travel accommodation’s bath amenities and air conditioning to be appropriate. | Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| PE6 | I expect the travel accommodation to be accessible by public transport. | Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| PE7 | I expect the travel accommodation to provide adequate security features. | Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| PE8 | I expect the travel accommodation’s Internet connection to be accessible and stable. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| PE9 | I expect the travel accommodation to be soundproof. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| Food and Beverage | FB1 | I expect that the travel accommodation provides a variety of food and beverage services that I can choose from. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] |
| FB2 | I expect that the travel accommodation prepares and deliver food and beverage on time. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| FB3 | I expect that the travel accommodation provides luxurious dishes. | Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| FB4 | I expect that the travel accommodation provides quality food and beverage. | Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| Attitude of Employees | AE1 | I expect that the travel accommodation’s employees are courteous and professional. | Al-Rafaie [28] |
| AE2 | I expect that the travel accommodation’s employees demonstrate their willingness to help me. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| AE3 | I expect that the travel accommodation employees can solve my problems. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| AE4 | I expect that the travel accommodation’s employees provide a thorough and satisfactory service. | Lee et al. [13] |
Continuous Visiting Behavior—Measurement Model
Items
| Construct | Item | Measure | Reference |
| Service Experience | SE1 | I expect adequate and quality travel accommodation room. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] |
| SE2 | I expect high-quality travel accommodation infrastructure. | Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| SE3 | I expect physical facilities and amenities provided by the travel accommodation. | Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| SE4 | I expected an ideal location for travel accommodation. | Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| SE5 | I expect safety & security features from the travel accommodation. | Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| SE6 | I expect to trust the behavior of the employees who provide services in the travel accommodation. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; & Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| SE7 | I expect high-quality food and beverage from the travel accommodations. | Nunkoo et al. [27]; Al-Rafaie [28] | |
| Price Acceptance | PA1 | I consider my staying experience fortunate through bargains (e.g., special rates, offers, and discounts). | El-Adly [30] |
| PA2 | I am willing to pay for excellent travel accommodation services. | Lee et al. [13] | |
| PA3 | I am willing to pay for additional charges. | Lee et al. [13] | |
| PA4 | The food and beverage served at travel accommodations are worth their prices. | El-Adly [30] | |
| PA5 | The travel accommodations provide basic service (e.g., housekeeping and room service) worth its price. | El-Adly [30] | |
| PA6 | The travel accommodations offer worthy amenities (e.g., spa and gym). | El-Adly [30] | |
| PA7 | The travel accommodations’ services and prices complement each other. | Lee et al. [13] | |
| Tourist Satisfaction | TS1 | I feel satisfied with the travel accommodation’s overall service. | Lee et al. [13]; Nunkoo et al. [27]; Hung et al. [38] |
| TS2 | I feel satisfied with the accuracy of my research and the positive end-result of my travel accommodation experience. | Lee et al. [13]; Nunkoo et al. [27] | |
| TS3 | I find it worthy spending time researching travel accommodation because it generated excellent results. | González-Mansilla et al. [15] | |
| TS4 | I feel satisfied with the travel accommodation’s price. | González-Mansilla et al. [15]; El-Adly [30] | |
| Continuous Visiting Behavior | CVB1 | I will make an effort to book the same travel accommodation when traveling to Palawan. | Lee et al. [13]; Chen et al. [33] |
| CVB2 | I intend to prioritize the travel accommodation I went to compared to other accommodations when traveling to Palawan. | Lee et al. [13]; Chen et al. [33] | |
| CVB3 | I will make an effort to book the same travel accommodation when traveling to Palawan. | Lee et al. [13]; Chen et al. [33] | |
| CVB4 | I intend to be a loyal customer of the travel accommodation I went to when traveling to Palawan. | Chen et al. [33]; Hung et al. [38] |
Note. The Passive uncertainty and food and beverage constructs were removed from the final scale, as well as items PP2, PP4, IU4, PE4, PE6, PE7, PE8, PE9, AE4, SE3, SE4, SE5, SE7, PA2, PA3, PA5, PA7, and CVB4.
Cite this article
Mohammed looti (2026). Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Retrieved from https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/continuous-visiting-behavior-measurement-model/
Mohammed looti. "Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 5 Apr. 2026, https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/continuous-visiting-behavior-measurement-model/.
Mohammed looti. "Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model." PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, 2026. https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/continuous-visiting-behavior-measurement-model/.
Mohammed looti (2026) 'Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model', PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. Available at: https://scales.arabpsychology.com/s/continuous-visiting-behavior-measurement-model/.
[1] Mohammed looti, "Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model," PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES, vol. X, no. Y, ص Z-Z, April, 2026.
Mohammed looti. Continuous Visiting Behavior–Measurement Model. PSYCHOLOGICAL SCALES. 2026;vol(issue):pages.