1. a theory of avoidance learning positing that avoidance actions are due to two types of conditioning. To start, stimulants which come before the displaying of the stimulant to be avoided are developed by Pavlovian conditioning as aversive. Then, the subject escapes from the conditioned aversive stimulant. 2. a theory that intellect contains two types of factors: a general one, whose impact pervades all analyses of intellect; and particular factors of intellect, each of whose impact extends just to a sole test within a test battery