Scale Overview
The Working Alliance Inventory – Client Long Form (WAI-C) was developed by Adam O. Horvath & Leslie S. Greenberg (1989). It is designed to measure Therapeutic Alliance. The scale is intended for use with Adults in psychotherapy.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 36 items organized into 3 factors/subscales: Task, Bond, Goal.
| Factor / Subscale |
Items |
N |
| Task |
2,4,7,11,13,15,16,18,24,31,33,35 |
12 |
| Bond |
1,5,8,17,19,20,21,23,26,28,29,36 |
12 |
| Goal |
3,6,9,10,12,14,22,25,27,30,32,34 |
12 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Occasionally, 4 = Sometimes, 5 = Often, 6 = Very Often, 7 = Always.
The scale includes 14 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of High internal consistency (typically Cronbach's alpha > 0.85 for subscales).
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.