Scale Overview
The Work Withdrawal Measure – WWM was developed by Hanisch, K. A., & Hulin, C. L. (1990). It is designed to measure Organizational and Work Withdrawal. The scale is intended for use with Working adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 12 items organized into 2 factors/subscales: Work Withdrawal, Job Withdrawal.
| Factor / Subscale |
Items |
N |
| Work Withdrawal |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 |
9 |
| Job Withdrawal |
10,11,12 |
3 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Never, 2 = Once a year, 3 = 2 or 3 times per year, 4 = Every other month, 5 = More than once per month, 6 = Once per week, 7 = More than once per week.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 12 to 84. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Withdrawal: 12 – 35
- Moderate Withdrawal: 36 – 60
- High Withdrawal: 61 – 84
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Typically ranges from .70 to .90 for subscales.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 3 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.