Scale Overview
The Time Orientation Scale – TOS was developed by Virginia P. Richmond & James C. McCroskey (1995). It is designed to measure Time Orientation (Morningness/Eveningness). The scale is intended for use with Adults and students.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 16 items.
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 5 = Strongly agree, 4 = Agree, 3 = Neutral or undecided, 2 = Disagree, 1 = Strongly disagree.
The scale includes 8 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are summed to produce a total score.
Total scores range from 16 to 80. Interpretation guidelines:
- Morning orientation: 16 – 39
- Flexible orientation: 40 – 50
- Evening orientation: 51 – 80
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.