The College Self-Expression Scale – CSES
A self-report scale designed to measure assertiveness in college students across positive assertiveness, negative assertiveness, and self-denial dimensions.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The The College Self-Expression Scale – CSES was developed by John P. Galassi, James S. DeLo, Merna Dee Galassi, and Sheila Bastien (1974). It is designed to measure Assertiveness. The scale is intended for use with College students and young adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 50 items organized into 3 factors/subscales: Positive Assertiveness, Negative Assertiveness, Self-Denial.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Assertiveness | 7,10,20,25,31,36,49 | 7 |
| Negative Assertiveness | 8,13,16,18,21,23,28,30,34,38,40,48 | 12 |
| Self-Denial | 1,2,3,4,5,6,9,11,12,14,15,17,19,22,24,26,27,29,32,33,35,37,39,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,50 | 31 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 0 = Almost always or always, 1 = Usually, 2 = Sometimes, 3 = Seldom, 4 = Never or rarely.
The scale includes 29 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are summed to produce a total score.
Total scores range from 0 to 200. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Assertiveness: 0 – 66
- Moderate Assertiveness: 67 – 133
- High Assertiveness: 134 – 200
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.