Scale Overview
The Problems in Schools Questionnaire – PIS was developed by Edward L. Deci, Allan J. Schwartz, Louise Sheinman, & Richard M. Ryan (1981). It is designed to measure Autonomy support vs. control orientation in adult-child interactions. The scale is intended for use with Teachers, parents, and educators.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 32 items organized into 4 factors/subscales: Highly Autonomy Supportive, Moderately Autonomy Supportive, Moderately Controlling, Highly Controlling.
| Factor / Subscale |
Items |
N |
| Highly Autonomy Supportive |
2,7,12,13,20,23,26,29 |
8 |
| Moderately Autonomy Supportive |
4,6,11,14,17,21,28,30 |
8 |
| Moderately Controlling |
1,8,9,15,19,22,25,31 |
8 |
| Highly Controlling |
3,5,10,16,18,24,27,32 |
8 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Very inappropriate, 2 = Inappropriate, 3 = Somewhat inappropriate, 4 = Moderately appropriate, 5 = Somewhat appropriate, 6 = Appropriate, 7 = Very appropriate.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 8 to 56. Interpretation guidelines:
- Subscale Score Range: 8 – 56
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.70 – 0.80.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.