Pressure Management Indicator – PMI
A comprehensive organizational stress assessment tool measuring stressors, individual differences, coping strategies, and health outcomes.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Pressure Management Indicator – PMI was developed by Stephen Williams & Cary L. Cooper (1996). It is designed to measure Occupational Stress, Coping, and Well-being. The scale is intended for use with Working adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 146 items organized into 8 factors/subscales: Organizational Climate and Commitment, Job Satisfaction, State of Mind, Physical Symptoms, Patience-Impatience and Drive, Control and Influence, Sources of Pressure, Coping.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Organizational Climate and Commitment | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 | 26 |
| Job Satisfaction | 27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38 | 12 |
| State of Mind | 39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50 | 12 |
| Physical Symptoms | 51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59 | 9 |
| Patience-Impatience and Drive | 60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74 | 15 |
| Control and Influence | 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89 | 15 |
| Sources of Pressure | 90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129 | 40 |
| Coping | 130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146 | 17 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Very strongly disagree / Very much dissatisfaction / Never / Very definitely is not a source / Never used by me, 2 = Strongly disagree / Much dissatisfaction / Very infrequently / Definitely is not a source / Seldom used by me, 3 = Disagree / Some dissatisfaction / Infrequently / Generally is not a source / On balance not used by me, 4 = Agree / Some satisfaction / Sometimes / Generally is a source / On balance used by me, 5 = Strongly agree / Much satisfaction / Frequently / Definitely is a source / Extensively used by me, 6 = Very strongly agree / Very much satisfaction / Very frequently / Very definitely is a source / Very extensively used by me.
The scale includes 42 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 1 to 6. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low presence of the construct / Low stress or coping: 1 – 2
- Moderate presence of the construct / Moderate stress or coping: 3 – 4
- High presence of the construct / High stress or coping: 5 – 6
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of High internal consistency across subscales (typically Cronbach's alpha > 0.70).
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 25 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.