Pressure Management Indicator – PMI
A comprehensive self-report questionnaire designed to assess occupational stress, sources of pressure, coping mechanisms, and individual and organizational outcomes.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Pressure Management Indicator – PMI was developed by Stephen Williams, Cary L. Cooper (1996). It is designed to measure Occupational stress, pressure, coping, and health/well-being. The scale is intended for use with Working adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 146 items organized into 21 factors/subscales: Job satisfaction, Organizational climate, Organizational security, Organizational commitment, Workload, Home-work balance, Control, Recognition, Relationships, Managerial role, State of mind, Resilience, Confidence level, Energy levels (Behavioral Symptoms), Physical symptoms, Drive, Patience-Impatience, Personal influence, Social support, Problem focus, Life-work balance.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Job satisfaction | 2,4,11,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38 | 15 |
| Organizational climate | 3,8,12,18,19,94,103,123,129 | 9 |
| Organizational security | 5,13 | 2 |
| Organizational commitment | 7 | 1 |
| Workload | 1,15,92,96,97,98,101,102,108,110,112,115,116,120,122,124,125,126 | 18 |
| Home-work balance | 6,91,95,100,106,114,119,127,128 | 9 |
| Control | 9,75,76,77,78,79,83,85,86,88,89,118 | 12 |
| Recognition | 10,17,20,24,26,107,109 | 7 |
| Relationships | 14,21,23,25,93,99,104,105 | 8 |
| Managerial role | 22,90,111,121 | 4 |
| State of mind | 39,40,42,47,48,50 | 6 |
| Resilience | 16,49,140,141 | 4 |
| Confidence level | 43,44,45,46 | 4 |
| Energy levels (Behavioral Symptoms) | 41 | 1 |
| Physical symptoms | 51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59 | 9 |
| Drive | 60,64,66,69,71 | 5 |
| Patience-Impatience | 61,62,63,65,67,68,70,72,73,74 | 10 |
| Personal influence | 80,81,82,84,87 | 5 |
| Social support | 113,117,133,139,146 | 5 |
| Problem focus | 131,132,134,136,137,138,145 | 7 |
| Life-work balance | 130,135,142,143,144 | 5 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Very strongly disagree / Very much dissatisfaction / Never, 2 = Strongly disagree / Much dissatisfaction / Very infrequently, 3 = Disagree / Some dissatisfaction / Infrequently, 4 = Agree / Some satisfaction / Sometimes, 5 = Strongly agree / Much satisfaction / Frequently, 6 = Very strongly agree / Very much satisfaction / Very frequently.
The scale includes 15 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 1 to 6. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low / Favorable: 1 – 2
- Moderate / Average: 3 – 4
- High / Unfavorable: 5 – 6
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of High internal consistency (typically Cronbach's alpha > 0.70 across subscales).
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 25 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.