Scale Overview
The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule – Expanded Form (PANAS-X) was developed by David Watson & Lee Anna Clark (1994). It is designed to measure Positive and Negative Affect. The scale is intended for use with Adults and adolescents.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 60 items organized into 13 factors/subscales: Fear, Sadness, Guilt, Hostility, Shyness, Fatigue, Joviality, Self-Assurance, Attentiveness, Serenity, Surprise, General Positive Affect, General Negative Affect.
| Factor / Subscale |
Items |
N |
| Fear |
18,21,34,40,44,53 |
6 |
| Sadness |
16,24,29,35,48 |
5 |
| Guilt |
15,32,42,46,51,60 |
6 |
| Hostility |
2,9,11,27,38,56 |
6 |
| Shyness |
4,23,30,49 |
4 |
| Fatigue |
5,19,36,45 |
4 |
| Joviality |
1,12,22,33,37,41,47,58 |
8 |
| Self-Assurance |
6,8,14,28,39,57 |
6 |
| Attentiveness |
3,25,52,59 |
4 |
| Serenity |
10,17,43 |
3 |
| Surprise |
7,20,54 |
3 |
| General Positive Affect |
3,8,13,25,31,37,39,47,52,55 |
10 |
| General Negative Affect |
11,18,26,32,34,38,40,42,44,50 |
10 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Very slightly or not at all, 2 = A little, 3 = Moderately, 4 = Quite a bit, 5 = Extremely.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 10 to 50. Interpretation guidelines:
- Score range for General Positive or Negative Affect subscales (higher scores indicate higher levels of the affect): 10 – 50
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Fear: 0.84-0.92, Sadness: 0.83-0.89, Guilt: 0.85-0.91, Hostility: 0.82-0.89, Shyness: 0.80-0.86, Fatigue: 0.84-0.89, Joviality: 0.88-0.94, Self-Assurance: 0.80-0.84, Attentiveness: 0.70-0.79, Serenity: 0.73-0.83, Surprise: 0.72-0.80.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.