Philosophy of Human Nature Scale – PHN
Measures an individual's beliefs and assumptions about the basic nature, goodness, complexity, and predictability of human beings.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Philosophy of Human Nature Scale – PHN was developed by Lawrence S. Wrightsman (1964). It is designed to measure Philosophies of Human Nature. The scale is intended for use with Adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 84 items organized into 6 factors/subscales: Trustworthiness, Altruism, Independence, Strength of Will and Rationality, Complexity of Human Nature, Variability in Human Nature.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Trustworthiness | 2,7,12,18,23,28,34,40,46,52,58,67,75,80 | 14 |
| Altruism | 4,9,14,19,30,36,42,48,54,60,64,69,77,82 | 14 |
| Independence | 3,8,13,24,29,35,41,47,53,59,63,68,76,81 | 14 |
| Strength of Will and Rationality | 1,6,17,22,27,33,39,45,51,57,62,66,72,74 | 14 |
| Complexity of Human Nature | 5,11,16,21,26,32,38,44,50,56,65,71,79,84 | 14 |
| Variability in Human Nature | 10,15,20,25,31,37,43,49,55,61,70,73,78,83 | 14 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Disagree strongly, 2 = Disagree somewhat, 3 = Disagree slightly, 4 = Agree slightly, 5 = Agree somewhat, 6 = Agree strongly.
The scale includes 42 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 14 to 84. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low / Negative View: 14 – 37
- Moderate / Neutral View: 38 – 60
- High / Positive View: 61 – 84
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Cronbach's alpha typically ranges from .74 to .85 for the subscales.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.