Scale Overview
The Philosophies of Human Nature Altruism Scale – PHN-Altruism was developed by Wrightsman, L. (1964). It is designed to measure Beliefs about human altruism. The scale is intended for use with Adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 14 items.
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: -3 = Disagree Strongly, -2 = Disagree Somewhat, -1 = Disagree Slightly, 1 = Agree Slightly, 2 = Agree Somewhat, 3 = Agree Strongly.
The scale includes 7 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are summed to produce a total score.
Total scores range from -42 to 42. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low belief in human altruism (Cynical view): -42 – -15
- Moderate/Neutral belief in human altruism: -14 – 14
- High belief in human altruism (Optimistic view): 15 – 42
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.