Personal Progress Scale–Revised (PPS-R)
Measures psychological empowerment and personal progress in women across various domains of functioning.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Personal Progress Scale–Revised (PPS-R) was developed by Dawn M. Johnson, Judith Worell, & Robin K. Chandler (2005). It is designed to measure Psychological empowerment in women. The scale is intended for use with Women.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 28 items organized into 7 factors/subscales: Perceptions of power and competence, Self nurturance and resource access, Interpersonal assertiveness, Awareness of cultural discrimination, Expression of anger and confrontation, Autonomy, Personal strength and social activism.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Perceptions of power and competence | 1,10,13,15,16,19,20,28 | 8 |
| Self nurturance and resource access | 4,23,24 | 3 |
| Interpersonal assertiveness | 3,7,11,14,22 | 5 |
| Awareness of cultural discrimination | 5,8,27 | 3 |
| Expression of anger and confrontation | 6,21,26 | 3 |
| Autonomy | 2,12,17 | 3 |
| Personal strength and social activism | 9,18,25 | 3 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Almost never, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, 4 = 4, 5 = 5, 6 = 6, 7 = Almost always.
The scale includes 14 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 28 to 196. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Empowerment: 28 – 84
- Moderate Empowerment: 85 – 140
- High Empowerment: 141 – 196
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Not specified in source text.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.