Health Orientation Scale – HOS
A multidimensional self-report instrument designed to assess psychological tendencies associated with physical health.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Health Orientation Scale – HOS was developed by William E. Snell, Jr., G. Johnson, P. J. Lloyd, & W. Hoover (1991). It is designed to measure Health Orientation. The scale is intended for use with Adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 50 items organized into 10 factors/subscales: Personal Health Consciousness, Health Image Concern, Health Anxiety, Health-Esteem and Confidence, Motivation to Avoid Unhealthiness, Motivation for Healthiness, Health Internal Control, Health External Control, Health Expectations, Health Status.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Personal Health Consciousness | 1,11,21,31,41 | 5 |
| Health Image Concern | 2,12,22,32,42 | 5 |
| Health Anxiety | 3,13,23,33,43 | 5 |
| Health-Esteem and Confidence | 4,14,24,34,44 | 5 |
| Motivation to Avoid Unhealthiness | 5,15,25,35,45 | 5 |
| Motivation for Healthiness | 6,16,26,36,46 | 5 |
| Health Internal Control | 7,17,27,37,47 | 5 |
| Health External Control | 8,18,28,38,48 | 5 |
| Health Expectations | 9,19,29,39,49 | 5 |
| Health Status | 10,20,30,40,50 | 5 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 0 = Not at all characteristic of me, 1 = Slightly characteristic of me, 2 = Somewhat characteristic of me, 3 = Moderately characteristic of me, 4 = Very characteristic of me.
The scale includes 7 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 0 to 20. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Subscale Score: 0 – 4
- Moderate Subscale Score: 5 – 15
- High Subscale Score: 16 – 20
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Varies by subscale (typically alpha > .70).
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.