Empowerment Scale – ES
Measures empowerment among users of mental health services across dimensions of self-esteem, power, community activism, optimism, and righteous anger.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Empowerment Scale – ES was developed by E. Sally Rogers, Jeanne Chamberlin, Marsha Langer Ellison, and Thomas Crean (1997). It is designed to measure Empowerment. The scale is intended for use with Users of mental health services.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 28 items organized into 5 factors/subscales: Self-esteem and efficacy, Power and powerlessness, Community activism and autonomy, Optimism and control over the future, Righteous anger.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Self-esteem and efficacy | 5,6,9,12,14,18,19,24,26 | 9 |
| Power and powerlessness | 1,8,16,21,22,23 | 6 |
| Community activism and autonomy | 2,11,20,25,28 | 5 |
| Optimism and control over the future | 13,27 | 2 |
| Righteous anger | 3,4,7,10,15,17 | 6 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a 4-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 4 = Strongly Agree).
The scale includes 10 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 28 to 112. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Empowerment: 28 – 70
- High Empowerment: 71 – 112
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Self-esteem (α = .82), power and powerlessness (α = .59), community activism and autonomy (α = .59), optimism and control over the future (α = .45), righteous anger (α = .64).
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.