Scale Overview
The Care-Receiver Efficacy Scale – CRES was developed by Cox, E., Green, K. E., Seo, H., Inaba, M., & Ayala Quillen, A. (2006). It is designed to measure Care-receiver self-efficacy. The scale is intended for use with Older adults receiving care.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 48 items organized into 5 factors/subscales: Self-Care Performance, Relational Coping with Caregivers, Perception of Dependence, Performance-Related QOL, Accepting Help.
| Factor / Subscale |
Items |
N |
| Self-Care Performance |
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15 |
15 |
| Relational Coping with Caregivers |
16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25 |
10 |
| Perception of Dependence |
26,27,28,29,30 |
5 |
| Performance-Related QOL |
31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40 |
10 |
| Accepting Help |
41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48 |
8 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Not sure at all, 2 = Slightly sure, 3 = Somewhat sure, 4 = Very sure, 5 = Completely sure.
The scale includes 5 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 1 to 5. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Efficacy: 1 – 2
- Moderate Efficacy: 3 – 3
- High Efficacy: 4 – 5
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Self-Care Performance: 0.91, Relational Coping: 0.82, Perception of Dependence: 0.69, Performance-Related QOL: 0.86, Accepting Help: 0.71.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.