Augmented Reality Intention–Measurement Model Questionnaire (ARI-MMQ)
Measures the influence of augmented reality apps on intentions toward e-learning based on the theory of planned behavior.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Augmented Reality Intention–Measurement Model Questionnaire (ARI-MMQ) was developed by Muhammad Saleem, Suzilawati Kamarudin, Haneen Mohammad Shoaib, Asim Nasar (2023). It is designed to measure Augmented Reality E-Learning Intention. The scale is intended for use with University students.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 18 items organized into 6 factors/subscales: AR: Utilitarian Value, AR: Hedonic Value, Attitude, Subjective Norm, Perceived Behavioural Control, Intention Towards e-Learning.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| AR: Utilitarian Value | 1,2,3 | 3 |
| AR: Hedonic Value | 4,5,6 | 3 |
| Attitude | 7,8,9 | 3 |
| Subjective Norm | 10,11,12 | 3 |
| Perceived Behavioural Control | 13,14,15 | 3 |
| Intention Towards e-Learning | 16,17,18 | 3 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Extremely unlikely, 2 = Unlikely, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Likely, 5 = Extremely likely.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 18 to 90. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Intention and Acceptance: 18 – 42
- Moderate Intention and Acceptance: 43 – 66
- High Intention and Acceptance: 67 – 90
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Cronbach's alpha 0.702-0.885.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.