Principal Perceived Autonomy Questionnaire – PPAQ
Measures school principals' perceptions regarding their own decision-making autonomy, teacher autonomy, teacher effectiveness, school climate, and external pressures.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Principal Perceived Autonomy Questionnaire – PPAQ was developed by Lucas, S., Brown, G. C., & Markus, F. W. (1991). It is designed to measure Principal perceived autonomy and teacher empowerment. The scale is intended for use with School principals.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 20 items organized into 8 factors/subscales: Perceived Autonomy of Self, Perceived Teacher Autonomy, Perceived Teacher Effectiveness Qualities, Perceived Acceptance of Student Achievement Levels, School Climate, Increased Support for Teacher Autonomy, Degree of External Pressure, Use of Standardized Tests.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Autonomy of Self | 1,2,3,4,5,6 | 6 |
| Perceived Teacher Autonomy | 7,8,9 | 3 |
| Perceived Teacher Effectiveness Qualities | 10,11,12 | 3 |
| Perceived Acceptance of Student Achievement Levels | 13 | 1 |
| School Climate | 14 | 1 |
| Increased Support for Teacher Autonomy | 15,16,17,18 | 4 |
| Degree of External Pressure | 19 | 1 |
| Use of Standardized Tests | 20 | 1 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a 4-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 4 = Strongly Agree).
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 20 to 80. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Perceived Autonomy and Support: 20 – 39
- Moderate Perceived Autonomy and Support: 40 – 59
- High Perceived Autonomy and Support: 60 – 80
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Not specified.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 5 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.