Electronic Nicotine Vaping Outcomes Scale (ENVO)
Measures beliefs about the outcomes, or expectancies, of using Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS).
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Electronic Nicotine Vaping Outcomes Scale (ENVO) was developed by Paul T. Harrell, Thomas H. Brandon, Stephen E. Stark, Vani N. Simmons, Tracey E. Barnett, Gwendolyn P. Quinn, Seokjoon Chun (2023). It is designed to measure Vaping Expectancies. The scale is intended for use with Young adults (18-29 years).
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 32 items organized into 5 factors/subscales: Positive Reinforcement, Negative Consequences, Weight and Appetite Control, Addiction, Negative Affect Reduction.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Positive Reinforcement | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 | 8 |
| Negative Consequences | 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18 | 10 |
| Weight and Appetite Control | 19,20,21,22,23 | 5 |
| Addiction | 24,25,26,27 | 4 |
| Negative Affect Reduction | 28,29,30,31,32 | 5 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 5 = Strongly Agree).
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 32 to 160. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Expectancy: 32 – 74
- Moderate Expectancy: 75 – 117
- High Expectancy: 118 – 160
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Positive Reinforcement: α = .92, Negative Consequences: α = .94, Negative Affect Reduction: α = .95, Weight Control: α = .92, Addiction: α = .87.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 8 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.