Gender Attitude Inventory – GAI
Measures multidimensional attitudes toward gender roles, stereotypes, and related social issues.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Gender Attitude Inventory – GAI was developed by Richard D. Ashmore, Frances K. Del Boca, & Susan M. Bilder (1995). It is designed to measure Gender attitudes. The scale is intended for use with Adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 109 items organized into 14 factors/subscales: Endorsement of female superiority, Acceptance of traditional stereotypes, Condemnation of homosexuality, Disapproval of female sexual initiative, Disapproval of female casual sex, Endorsement of chivalry, Acceptance of male heterosexual violence, Endorsement of family roles, Belief in differential work roles, Rejection of female political leadership, Opposition to women’s rights, Endorsement of individual action, Opposition to funded day care, Opposition to abortion.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Endorsement of female superiority | 1,2,3,4,5,6 | 6 |
| Acceptance of traditional stereotypes | 7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 | 10 |
| Condemnation of homosexuality | 17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24 | 8 |
| Disapproval of female sexual initiative | 25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35 | 11 |
| Disapproval of female casual sex | 36,37,38 | 3 |
| Endorsement of chivalry | 39,40,41,42,43,44,45 | 7 |
| Acceptance of male heterosexual violence | 46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53 | 8 |
| Endorsement of family roles | 54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64 | 11 |
| Belief in differential work roles | 65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73 | 9 |
| Rejection of female political leadership | 74,75,76,77,78,79,80 | 7 |
| Opposition to women's rights | 81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90 | 10 |
| Endorsement of individual action | 91,92,93,94,95,96 | 6 |
| Opposition to funded day care | 97,98,99,100,101,102,103 | 7 |
| Opposition to abortion | 104,105,106,107,108,109 | 6 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a 7-point Likert scale (1 = Strongly Disagree to 7 = Strongly Agree).
The scale includes 42 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Cronbach's alpha ranges from 0.57 to 0.96 across subscales..
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 20 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.