School Academic Optimism Scale (SAOS)
Measures a school's academic optimism through collective efficacy, faculty trust in parents and students, and academic emphasis.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The School Academic Optimism Scale (SAOS) was developed by Hoy, W. K., Tarter, C. J., & Woolfolk Hoy, A. (2006). It is designed to measure School Academic Optimism. The scale is intended for use with School teachers and faculty.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 30 items organized into 3 factors/subscales: Collective Efficacy, Faculty Trust, Academic Emphasis.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Collective Efficacy | 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 | 12 |
| Faculty Trust | 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22 | 10 |
| Academic Emphasis | 23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30 | 8 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Strongly Disagree (Items 1-22) / Rarely (Items 23-30), 2 = Disagree (Items 1-22) / Sometimes (Items 23-30), 3 = Somewhat Disagree (Items 1-22) / Often (Items 23-30), 4 = Somewhat Agree (Items 1-22) / Very Often (Items 23-30), 5 = Agree (Items 1-22 only), 6 = Strongly Agree (Items 1-22 only).
The scale includes 7 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 200 to 800. Interpretation guidelines:
- Very Low Academic Optimism: 200 – 399
- Below Average Academic Optimism: 400 – 489
- Average Academic Optimism: 490 – 510
- Above Average Academic Optimism: 511 – 600
- Very High Academic Optimism: 601 – 800
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of High internal consistency across subscales.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.