General Causality Orientations Scale – GCOS
Measures individual differences in the strength of three causality orientations: autonomy, control, and impersonal.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The General Causality Orientations Scale – GCOS was developed by Edward L. Deci & Richard M. Ryan (1985). It is designed to measure Causality Orientations. The scale is intended for use with Adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 36 items organized into 3 factors/subscales: Autonomy Orientation, Controlled Orientation, Impersonal Orientation.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Autonomy Orientation | 3,4,9,10,13,17,20,24,27,29,32,34 | 12 |
| Controlled Orientation | 2,6,7,11,15,18,19,22,26,30,31,35 | 12 |
| Impersonal Orientation | 1,5,8,12,14,16,21,23,25,28,33,36 | 12 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 1 = Very unlikely, 2 = Unlikely, 3 = Somewhat unlikely, 4 = Moderately likely, 5 = Somewhat likely, 6 = Likely, 7 = Very likely.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 12 to 84. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Orientation: 12 – 35
- Moderate Orientation: 36 – 60
- High Orientation: 61 – 84
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Cronbach's alpha typically ranges from .70 to .75 for the subscales..
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.