LEIPAD Questionnaire
An internationally applicable multidimensional instrument designed to assess quality of life in the elderly.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The LEIPAD Questionnaire was developed by Diego De Leo, René F. W. Diekstra, Jouko Lönnqvist, Marco Trabucchi, Hans Cleiren, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Marirosa Dello Buono, A. Haltunen, M. Zucchetto, R. Rozzini, F. Grigoletto, J. Sampaio-Faria (1998). It is designed to measure Quality of Life in the Elderly. The scale is intended for use with Elderly individuals / Older adults.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 49 items organized into 12 factors/subscales: Physical functioning scale, Self-care scale, Depression and anxiety scale, Cognitive functioning scale, Social functioning scale, Sexual functioning scale, Life satisfaction scale, The perceived personality disorder scale, The anger scale, The social desirability scale, Self-esteem scale, Trust in God scale.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Physical functioning scale | 1,6,7,9,12 | 5 |
| Self-care scale | 2,3,4,5,10,11 | 6 |
| Depression and anxiety scale | 17,18,19,20 | 4 |
| Cognitive functioning scale | 8,13,14,15,16 | 5 |
| Social functioning scale | 21,22,23 | 3 |
| Sexual functioning scale | 24,25 | 2 |
| Life satisfaction scale | 26,27,28,29,30,31 | 6 |
| The perceived personality disorder scale | 39,45,46,47,48,49 | 6 |
| The anger scale | 32,33,34,35 | 4 |
| The social desirability scale | 42,43,44 | 3 |
| Self-esteem scale | 36,37,38 | 3 |
| Trust in God scale | 40,41 | 2 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 0 = 0 (e.g., Excellent / Without difficulty / Not at all / False), 1 = 1 (e.g., Good / With difficulty / A little / True), 2 = 2 (e.g., Poor / Only with help / Quite a bit), 3 = 3 (e.g., Bad / Not able at all / Very much).
The scale includes 3 reverse-scored items to reduce acquiescence bias.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 0 to 93. Interpretation guidelines:
- Core Instrument Score Range (Lower scores indicate better quality of life): 0 – 93
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Not specified in text.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 15 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.