Exercise Motivations Inventory – 2 (EMI-2)
Measures the diverse motives individuals have for participating in physical exercise.
Scale Development & Technical Details
Scale Overview
The Exercise Motivations Inventory – 2 (EMI-2) was developed by David Markland and David K. Ingledew (1997). It is designed to measure Exercise Motivation. The scale is intended for use with Adults and adolescents.
Scale Structure
This instrument consists of 51 items organized into 14 factors/subscales: Stress management, Revitalization, Enjoyment, Challenge, Social recognition, Affiliation, Competition, Health pressures, Ill-health avoidance, Positive health, Weight management, Appearance, Strength, Nimbleness.
| Factor / Subscale | Items | N |
|---|---|---|
| Stress management | 6,20,34,46 | 4 |
| Revitalization | 3,17,31 | 3 |
| Enjoyment | 9,23,37,48 | 4 |
| Challenge | 14,28,42,51 | 4 |
| Social recognition | 5,19,33,45 | 4 |
| Affiliation | 10,24,38,49 | 4 |
| Competition | 12,26,40,50 | 4 |
| Health pressures | 11,25,39 | 3 |
| Ill-health avoidance | 2,16,30 | 3 |
| Positive health | 7,21,35 | 3 |
| Weight management | 1,15,29,43 | 4 |
| Appearance | 4,18,32,44 | 4 |
| Strength | 8,22,36,47 | 4 |
| Nimbleness | 13,27,41 | 3 |
Response Format
Respondents rate each item using a custom response format.
Response anchors: 0 = Not at all true for me, 1 = 1, 2 = 2, 3 = 3, 4 = Very true for me.
Scoring
Items are scored by subscale, with each subscale sum representing a distinct dimension.
Total scores range from 0 to 4. Interpretation guidelines:
- Low Motivation: 0 – 1
- Moderate Motivation: 2 – 3
- High Motivation: 4 – 4
Psychometric Properties
Internal Consistency: The scale has demonstrated good to excellent internal consistency with reported Cronbach’s alpha values of Cronbach's alphas range from 0.69 to 0.95 across subscales.
Administration
The scale is self-administered and typically takes approximately 10 minutes to complete. It can be administered individually or in group settings. No special training is required for administration.